Unification of China

1. Unification of China Chapter 4 section 4

2. Setting the Stage • The Zhou Dynasty lasted for eight centuries. • Approximately from 1027-265 BC. • For 300 years the Zhou king controlled a large empire. • In the latter years the Zhou Dynasty lords began to think of themselves as independent kings and kingdoms. • The period of “warring states” led to the fall of the Zhou Dynasty.

4. Confucius 551-479 BC. • Confucius lived during the decline of the Zhou dynasty. • Confucius led a scholarly life, studying and teaching, history, music and moral character. • His belief in Social Order 5 relationships. • Ruler and Subject • Father and Son • Husband and Wife • Older and younger brothers • Friend and friend

6. Confucius and Government • Believed that education could transform a humbly born person into a gentleman. • Created a Bureaucracy: a trained civil service, or those who run the government. “ In his private conduct he was courteous, in serving his master he was precise, in providing for the needs of the people he gave them even more than their due, in exacting service fort the people he was just.”

7. Confucianism • Ethical system based on accepted principles of right and wrong. • Became the foundation of Chinese social order and government.

8. Ethical Systems • Daoism • Philosophy of Laozi • The Universal force of Dao “the way” guides all things. • Searched for knowledge and understand in nature. • Legalism • Believed in a highly effective and powerful government as the key to restoring order in society.

9. Chapter 4.4 page 106 • Compare and Contrast Confucianism Daoism and Legalism is a graphic organizer • Write a paragraph summarizing Confucianism and the teachings of Confucius

10. I Ching • The Book of Changes • Book of oracles used to solve ethical or practical problems • Helping people lead a happy life by offering good advice and simple common sense • Yin and Yang • Two powers that together represented the natural rhythm of life. • Yin representing cold and dark • Yang representing warm and bright.

11. Qin Dynasty • By the 3rd Century BC the Qin had replaced the Zhou Dynasty. • The ruler of the Qin Dynasty enforced legalist ideas to subdue and control the warring states, and to unify China. • Shi Huangdi • “First Emperor”

12. Han Emperors of China 7.3 Looper

13. Han Restores Unity and Liu Bang • After the death of Shi Huangdi in 210 B.C. a civil war broke out over territories. • From these civil wars two powerful leaders emerged. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang. • Liu Bang was a general in Xiang Yu’s army. Liu Bang turned against Yu. • The two fought their last battle in 202 B.C. • Liu Bang won the battle and declared himself the First Emperor of the Han Dynasty

14. Liu Bang’s Han Dynasty • The Han Dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years, divided into two time periods. • The Former Han ruled for about 200 years, until 9 A.D. • The Later Han rule for about 200 more years, after a brief time period when the Han were not at power. • The Han had such a great influence over China and its people even today some Chinese people refer to themselves as “people of the Han”. • Liu Band established a Centralized Government within the Han Dynasty. The central authority controls the running of each state.

15. Empress Lü • Liu Band died in 195 B.C., at his death his son became Emperor. • Only by name was his son labeled emperor of the Han dynasty. • The real ruler of this time was Empress Lü, the wife of Lui Bang, and mother of his son. • She used power influences to help her gain power from her son. • She maintained power by naming one infant after another emperor. • The Empress Lü died in 180 B.C. • Those who remained loyal to Lui Bang took control of the Dynasty, and executed Empress Lü family, and those who were loyal to her rule.

16. Wudi Martial Emperor • Lui Bang’s great-grandson Wudi continued the policies of Liu Bang after the death of Empress Lü. • Wudi improved on the centralized government policies, and began what he call a “Martial Emperor” rule. • Wudi adopted the policies of expanding the Chinese Empire through war. • Through these policies Wudi colonized areas of northeast Asia of Manchuria and Korea, and in the South to what is now known as Vietnam. • Wudi expanded the empire nearly to what is now the size of modern day China.

17. A Highly Structured Society • Han emperor’s not only controlled the people the conquer, but also exerted control over the Chinese themselves. • Chinese people believe their emperors have divine authority, a like between heaven and earth. • Chinese emperors relied on a complex bureaucracy to help him rule. • The Bureaucracy included eighteen different ranks of Civil Service jobs, these government jobs were obtained by civilians by taking a Civil Service Exam. • The Han Dynasty tested applicants knowledge of Confucianism and the teaching of Confucius.

18. Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture • Technology • Paper revolutionized Chinese life in 105 A.D. • With paper books became more available. • With books education spread in China • Also paper revolutionized the Chinese Government with the ability to keep more accurate records. • The Collar Harness for Horses allowed for heavier loads to be carried, and the plow to be perfected. • Agriculture v. Commerce. • As the population of China grew to 60 million during the Han dynasty, agriculture became the most important part of Chinese society. • Though agriculture grew manufacturing and commerce also grew. • The Formation of a Monopoly occurred when a group of executives control over the production and distribution of certain goods.

19. Unification of Chinese Culture • As trade and commerce grew the people of China were introduced to foods and fashion of foreign lands. • Also through conquest, people from different backgrounds came under Chinese rule. • To unify the Han Dynasty, assimilation was introduced by the government. Assimilation is the process of making conquered peoples part of Chinese culture. • The government sent farmers to colonized lands, and intermarry with local people. • Schools were set up to education colonized people on Confucius philosophy.

20. Wang Mang • During economic change, government instability grew. • Plots from family members, advisors grew to influence the Emperor as to who would be the successor. • After years of instability, Wang Mang took control, setting up a strong rule to restore order. Wang Mangover took to Han and ended the Former Han rule. • Wang Mang planned to take land from the large landowners and redistribute this to the farmers. • In 11 A.D. a great flood left thousands dead, and millions homeless. The Wealth opposed the land reform, and peasant revolted. • This lead to Wang Mang’s assassination in 23 A.D.

21. The Return of Han • Two years after Wang Mang’s death the old imperial family regained the throne, the began the second period of Han rule, known as the Later Han. • The first century of Later Han was prosperous. By the next century the same economic imbalance, social unrest, and government instability that took down Former Han, reoccurred. • After the collapse of the Later Han the dynasty was divided into three rival kingdoms.

22. Han’s Role for Women • Confucius teachings dictated that the women were to devote themselves to their families. • Women help an important economic role in the family through duties in the home and in the fields. • Some upper-class women lived different lives, some express wielded great power. • Later both Daoist and Buddhist accepted nuns, where women would spend life away form their families.

23. The Fall of Han • Although the Han experienced economic and cultural advances, the greatest problem in the dynasty was economic imbalance between the rich and poor. • According to custom the father would reward each male son an equal part of land after the father’s death. • Unless the farmer was able to buy more land in his lifetime each inheritance would grow smaller and smaller. In some cases sons would not inherit enough land to feed their families, much less sell goods for profit. • Small land owners would have to borrow land or money from large land owners. • The large land owners were not require to pay taxes on land, because of this the government required more from the small land owners. The only increased the gap between rich and poor.