380 likes | 621 Views
Animal protection legislation (1) 動物保護立法 (1). Module 27 模組 27. This module will enable you to 此模組將使你能夠. Understand aspects of different models of legal system 了解各種不同的法律系統 C ategorise different types of law 分類不同種的法律 Identify enforcement provisions in statute 辨別執行的法條
E N D
Animal protection legislation (1) 動物保護立法(1) Module 27 模組27
This module will enable you to 此模組將使你能夠 • Understand aspects of different models of legal system了解各種不同的法律系統 • Categorise different types of law分類不同種的法律 • Identify enforcement provisions in statute • 辨別執行的法條 • Understand methods of enforcement in practice瞭解實際上執行的方法 • Highlight reasons why legislation may be ineffective in practice強調為何實行不彰的理由
The basis of legislation立法基礎 Bernard Rollin說:「很清楚,法條通常影響公眾道德,且公眾道德決定法條“Quite obviously, laws often do affect public morality, and public morality determines laws”」
Definitions定義 Law(法律): a rule established in the community by authority or custom; a body of such rules法律:是一個社群靠著權威跟傳統建立的規則;一個具有這種規則的主體 Legislation(立法): law making; the body of law立法:建立法律,法律的主體 Statute(成文法): a specific law passed by a legislative body 成文法: 一個經過立法單位通過的法律 Offence(犯法): an act contrary to the law反對法律的行為 Defendant(被告): a person accused of an offence in a court of law被告: 一人在法庭被控告犯法 Plaintiff(原告): a person or body bringing an action in a court of law 原告: 一個人或主體在法庭提出告訴
A model law法律規格 • Identify aspects of the legal system within which it must work 從立法系統之各層面去確認法律的規格。例如歐盟之法規(directive)是由歐盟各會員國執行,但亦同時屬於歐盟聯邦之法律系統。聯邦和各國政府共同決定立法責任的歸屬,由此可知法律系統的效果。 • Understand the different types of legislation瞭解不同種的立法形式。(next slide) • Identify characteristics of different types of statute 辨別不同成文法的特色。
Legal system characteristics法律系統特性 • Courts use both Statute and Case (Common) Law法院使用成文法與判例(普通)法 • E.g. UK, Commonwealth & former Commonwealth countries例如英國, 英國聯邦 • Romano-Germanic Law, using solely Statute Law大陸(日耳曼)法系, 僅使用成文法 • E.g., Continental European countries例如歐洲大陸的國家 • Theocratic Law, derived purely from religious texts神權法條的取得來自信仰 • E.g. Saudi Arabia and Iran如阿拉伯、伊朗。
Legal system - basic principles法律系統之基本原則 (1) • Status of the accused – presumptionof innocence or guilt 控告的狀況–無罪或有罪之假設(定罪之原則) • 在英屬殖民地的國家裡,被告在被證明有罪之前,都可能被視為無罪; • 而日耳曼法系之原則則是,被告在被證明無罪之前,都可能被視為有罪。
Legal system - basic principles法律系統之基本原則 (2) • 在刑法中之條文,其證明原則是「超越合理的懷疑beyond reasonable doubt」; • 在民法,則採「可能性的平衡on the balance of probability」的證明方式。 • 何種證據是可接受的,從第三者而來的證據是可接受的嗎? • 何種身分的人(如從小孩或婦女)提供的證據方可接受?法律上幾歲才算是成年?
Interpreting statute: the basis of statute條文解釋:法條基礎 • Prohibitivee.g. The Animal Welfare Act 1966, USA - what you must not do 禁止性的條文,如美國之動物福利法(1966) -什麼是你不能做的。 • Prescriptive e.g. The Laying Hens Directive 99/74/EC, EU - what you must provide 規定性的,如歐盟蛋雞指令(99/74/EC, EU) -你應提供什麼給動物。 • Cost/Benefite.g. The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, UK - is the likely benefit justified by the harm caused 成本/利益性的,如美國之科學程序法(1986) –因造成之傷害反過來證成可能的利益
Interpreting statute: identify the offence條文解釋(1):犯罪之認定 • The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960, India - “to cause unnecessary pain or suffering” 印度之動物防虐法:導致不必要的痛苦或傷害 • Code of Federal Regulations Chapter III, Part 313, USA - “cause inhumane treatment”美國聯邦法第三章313款:導致不人道對待 • Council Directive 91/630/EEC – the “Pigs Directive” - “Member States shall ensure that conditions for rearing pigs comply with….” 歐盟指令91/630/EEC:會員國要確保該國之養豬業者需遵守…
Interpreting statute: to which animals is it applicable and where?條文解釋(2):[哪些動物]與[哪裡之動物] • [哪些動物][哪裡之動物] The Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1968, UK, applies only to farmed livestock on agricultural land 英國1968農業(其他規範)法案,只施行在農場的家畜 • [哪些動物] The Animal Welfare Act 1966, USA, does not apply to farmed animals 美國1966動福法:不實施在農場動物 • [哪些動物] The ‘Laying Hens Directive’, 99/74/EC, EU, does not apply to: 歐盟蛋雞指令不實施於:(1)establishments with<350 hens 低於350隻之規模;(2)breeding laying hens 種用母雞
Interpreting statute: the nature of the offence條文解釋(3):犯罪的性質 • Defendant’s mental state? 被告的心理狀態? • Subjective mens rea 主觀的犯罪意圖 • Objective mens rea 客觀的犯罪意圖 • Strict liability 嚴格義務 • Mental state is not considered • 心理狀態不列入考慮 • (後續幻燈片)
The nature of the offence- Subjective mens rea犯罪的性質(1):主觀意圖 • The UK’s 1996 Wild Mammals Protection Act英國1996年野生哺乳動物保護法案: • ‘If any person mutilates, kicks, ….any wild animal WITH INTENT to inflict unnecessary suffering’假如任何人意圖殺傷、踢任何野生動物導致不必要的受苦。 • The offence is tested in terms of the intention of the defendant此罪行將[以被告的意圖定罪]。
The nature of the offence- Objective mens rea犯罪的性質(2):客觀意圖 • 以社會行為準則的比較來決定他是否犯罪(whetheran offence has been committed) • The Animal Welfare Act 2006 (England and Wales).英格蘭和威爾斯的新動物福利法案(2006) • An offence to cause ‘unnecessary suffering’ 導致沒有必要痛苦的犯罪 • The offence is tested against 5 points including定罪準則五點包括:Whether the conduct was that “… of a reasonably competent and humane person” 此行為是否是 [一個具有理性的人,在任何情況下都不會做的。]
The nature of the offence- Objective mens rea犯罪的性質(3):客觀意圖 • Was the conduct for a legitimate purpose?如果行為有合法之目的? • To benefit the animal?對動物有利? • To protect a person, property or another animal?保護個人、財產或另一個動物? • Was the suffering proportionate to the purpose of the conduct concerned? 動物所受的苦楚是否與此人的行為之目的一致?
The nature of the offence- Objective mens rea犯罪的性質(4):客觀意圖 • Additional legal tests of “unnecessary suffering” under the Animal Welfare Act 2006 (England and Wales).英格蘭和威爾斯的新動物福利法案(2006)指出的增加合法試驗的不必要痛苦 • Could the suffering have been avoided or reduced?這個痛苦是否是可以避免或是減低的 • Was the conduct which caused the suffering in compliance with any relevant enactment?這個行為所導致的痛苦是否遵守了相關的法令
The nature of the offence- Strict liability犯罪的性質(5):嚴格的義務 • The UK’s 1997 Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order英國1997動物運輸規定 • An offence to transport an animal “in a way which causes, or is likely to cause, injury or unnecessary suffering”運送途中發生或可能導致不必要的傷害或痛苦之罪 • The views of the defendant and society are irrelevant被告和社會的觀點不一致 • If an animal is injured an offence has been committed動物受傷則可確定犯罪
Interpreting legislation: the status of the legislation法律之解釋(1):法律狀況 • Primary legislation基本立法 • enacted through repeated debates in the National Legislative body經過反覆的辯論制訂國家立法主體 • Secondary legislation次要立法 • enacted by a Department of Government with authority from primary legislation由政府機關依照基本立法制訂 • Guidance documents指令文件 • Codes of Practice法規執行
Interpreting legislation: relevance of status to effective protection法律之解釋(2):有效保護之相關狀況 • Primary legislation 被列入基本立法 • Expensive and time-consuming to amend in the light of new scientific evidence and changing public attitudes to welfare當科學新知與公眾態度改變時需要耗時耗資修訂 • Secondary legislation 被列入次要立法 • Readily amended可以節省時間立即修正
Interpreting legislation: relevance of status to effective protection法律之解釋(3):有效保護之相關狀況 • Guidance documents and Codes of Practice指令文件和法規習慣 • May be used in the interpretation of statute but failure to comply does not constitute an offence可用在法條的解釋但不遵守並不構成犯罪
Interpreting legislation: what powers are authorised?法律之解釋(4):有效保護 • Use of force 權力(主管機關) • Access 進入他人產權 • Stop and search 停止和尋找 • Seizure 扣押 • Detention 拘留 • Arrest 逮捕
Interpreting legislation: what penalties are available on conviction?法律解釋(5):定罪時如何罰? • Monetary fine - what level? 罰款-罰多少? • Imprisonment監禁 • Prohibition of ownership 禁止所有權 • Prohibition of care禁止照護 • Prohibition of production禁止生產
Interpreting legislation:The legal status of animals? 法律解釋(6):動物之法律狀況 • Property in all countries所有國家視為 [物 / 財產] • EU Protocol on Protection & Welfare of Animals歐盟的動物保護和福利協議 • Recognises animals as ‘sentient beings’承認動物為”有感知存在體” • Requires Member States to “pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals” when formulating and implementing legislation要求會員國在制定及實行法律時盡全力關切動物福利之需求 • No requirement to take account of economics不體諒經濟因素 • Enforceable in law可實施之法律
歐洲國家規定,豬隻運輸的最高合法乘載密度是每100公斤0.42平方公尺。The reality - pigs packed into lorries at less than 0.35 m2 per 100kg 事實是:豬被塞入貨車裝在每100公斤不到0.35平方公尺的擁擠狀況
最高29小時之運輸規定:運輸14小時(包括上下車)後休息一小時,然後繼續14小時之運輸。倘若運輸時數超過24小時,牛隻必須要在獲認可的驛站休息與供應食物及飲水,在休息24小後方可繼續運輸。事實是:很多國家都不理,造成疲憊的牛最高29小時之運輸規定:運輸14小時(包括上下車)後休息一小時,然後繼續14小時之運輸。倘若運輸時數超過24小時,牛隻必須要在獲認可的驛站休息與供應食物及飲水,在休息24小後方可繼續運輸。事實是:很多國家都不理,造成疲憊的牛 Reproduced with permission of CBS Press
Reasons why animal welfare legislation may not be effective動物福利法律可能無效的理由 - 1 • Legal status of animals as property法律視動物為財產(沒有生命的物品) • Prohibitive legislation not indicating the provisions expected禁止性的法律未指出應該做到的指標 • Dependence on the status and circumstances of the animal 保護動物要看動物的地位和情況而定
Reasons why animal welfare legislation may not be effective動物福利法律可能無效的理由- 1 • 寵物兔地位高待遇佳 實驗兔可憐
Reasons why animal welfare legislation may not be effective動物福利法律可能無效的理由 - 2 • Compromises in wording of text due to single interest lobbying during consultation • For example, "a lying area which is clean….., and eitherhas well-maintained dry beddingoris well drained"由於單方面之利益遊說,使法律用語妥協 – 例如:躺的地方要乾淨…,且床要維持乾燥抑或排水良好
Reasons why animal welfare legislation may not be effective動物福利法律可能無效的理由 - 3 • Reinterpretation of terms by industry bodies企業團體曲解法律條文: • 在丹麥有一條法律,當被重新解釋後立即扭轉了當初立法的本意。顯然,法律原本是打算給母豬實心的躺臥地。豬商藉著重新定義,將”實心”解釋成為包括”開口”,創造法律漏洞讓老舊的封條狀地版豬舍可以繼續使用。 • Danish ‘Enlandsgriseproduktion’ Scheme
Reasons why animal welfare legislation may not be effective動物福利法律可能無效的理由 - 4 • Responsibility for enforcement being spread between government departments, so reducing co-ordination執法責任分散至很多政府部門,減少力量 • Poor statute enacted in haste in response to political pressure, e.g.匆忙的立法只為了回應政治壓力The Dangerous Dogs Act, UK (1991)如英國之危險狗法律
Reasons why animal welfare legislation may not be effective動物福利法律可能無效的理由 - 5 • The subjective nature of the offences causing different interpretations between courts犯法之主觀性質造成各法院不同之解釋 • 如:農村出身與都市出身的陪審團與法官對例行豬隻的閹割看法不同
Reasons why animal welfare legislation may not be effective動物福利法律可能無效的理由-6 • Poor enforcement due to執法不力之無效之可能原因: • Limited resources 動保員不足資源有限 • Variable enforcement 畜牧生產與動物福利衝突 • Enforcement body sharing interests with those policed執法主體與警方分享利益 • Limits to powers of access, stop and search, seizure and detention限制公權力進入、停止和尋找,逮捕和拘留的權力 • Commercial confidentiality商業機密
Reasons why animal welfare legislation may not be effective動物福利法律可能無效的理由-7 • Statute has no provision for:法律沒有提供 • Power of seizure - defendants keep ownership of animals during proceedings扣押的權力:被告在審判過程中仍有動物之所有權 • Prohibition of ownership - convicted party permitted to retain animals所有權的禁止:已經被判有罪者仍准許保留動物 • Prohibition of care - ownership may be transferred but care is still by convicted party照護權的禁止:所有權可能轉移但已經被判有罪者仍有照護權
Reasons why animal welfare legislation may not be effective動物福利法律可能無效的理由- 8 • May have to accommodate可能受制於: • Domestic, economic and political pressures國內政治經濟壓力 • International agreements on trade • 國際貿易約定 • Other, conflicting legislation • 其他法律不協調 • See Module 28看模組8
Summary: A model welfare law摘要:一個模範法律 • A single Statute, single Department 單一法律,單一主管機關 • Strict liability offences 嚴格義務之犯罪 • Prescriptive 遠見 • Comprehensive and coherent 整合協調 • Powers of stop, search, seizure, detention制止,尋找,扣押,拘留的權力 • Penalties of prohibition of ownership and care禁止所有權和照顧的處罰 • National enforcement body國家級執法主體 • In a form most readily enacted and amended立即實行和修正之精神
Further Reading進修書目 • Animal Welfare Act 2006. Available at: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/ukpga_20060045_en.pdf • Defra 2006. Animal Health and Welfare: The Control of Dogs. Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/domestic/dogs.htm • European Commission 2004. Overview of a series of missions carried out in 2003 concerning animal welfare during transport and at the time of slaughter. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fvo/specialreports/sr_rep_8506-2004_en.pdf • European Community Council Directive 2001/88/EC—Welfare of Pigs. Available at: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2001/l_316/l_31620011201en00010004.pdf
Further Reading進修書目 • Grandin T. 1992 Meat Focus International (July 1992) pp.124-126 Effect of genetics on handling and CO2 stunning of pigs Available at: www.grandin.com/humane/meatfocus7-92.html • Grandin The Welfare of Pigs During Transport and Slaughter. Available at: www.grandin.com/references/pig.welfare.during.transport.slaughter.html • Radford, M., 2001: Animal Welfare Law in Britain: Regulation and Responsibility. Oxford University Press, New York • Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) Regulations 2000. Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 1870. Available at: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si2000/20001870.htm • The Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2003 Statutory Instrument 2003 No. 299. Available at: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si2003/20030299.htm
Further Reading: Websites進修書目:網址 • US legislation • http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/index.shtml • EU legislation • http://www.europa.eu.int/ • Swedish legislation • http://www.risksdagen.se/debatt/sfsr/index.asp • UK legislation • http://www.defra.gov.uk