BELAJAR DARI ANEKA PENGALAMAN PEMULIHAN PASCA-BENCANA

1. BELAJAR DARIANEKA PENGALAMAN PEMULIHANPASCA-BENCANA Forum PRB-DIY 4 Januari 2011 ~ Hasan Bachtiar hsbachtiar@yahoo.co.id tjak.kasan@gmail.com

2. PILIHAN-PILIHAN PEMBIAYAAN

3. ASUMSI YANG KELIRU • Political support will be available when needed. • Funding will last as long as required. • All actors in the process will think alike. • All agencies concerned will be competent to carry out required tasks. • Physical recovery must precede economic and social recovery. • There is no trade-off between speed and quality of reconstruction. • Codes and controls will be rigidly followed. • Reconstruction is an isolated process from pre-disaster planning.

4. DILEMA & ALTERNATIF • Survey quickly or survey accurately. • Repair or rebuild. • Rebuild or relocate. • Respond quickly or invite wide participation. • Create new organizations or rely on existing ones. • Rely on public or private investment. • Pursue physical reconstruction or economic reconstruction. • Use local resources or imported resources.

5. PRINSIP PANDUAN # 1 • The planning of recovery needs to be broad in scope andfully integrated. • A balance has to be achieved between the conflicting yetvital processes of reform and conservatism. • Reconstruction should not be delayed to await political,administrative or economic reform. • Economic recovery should be regarded as a prerequisitefor rapid physical recovery. • Reconstruction offers unique opportunities to introduce arange of measures to reduce future risks to persons andproperty. • The relocation of entire communities is usually not effectiveand is rarely feasible.

6. PRINSIP PANDUAN # 2 • Recovery actions can be regarded as a therapeutic processto assist individuals and their communities to rebuild theirlives and livelihoods. • The basis of effective recovery is the availability andmaintenance of an adequate flow of cash and creditthroughout the entire process of recovery. • Successful reconstruction is closely linked to the resolutionof land ownership problems. • To aid recovery it is preferable to maximize the use oflocal resources. • Physical recovery is dependent on the development ofeffective local institutions as well as training and leadershipat all levels and in all sectors. • Political commitment is vital to ensure effective recovery.

7. SASARAN PENTING • Improved understanding and abilities toincorporate risk reduction into recovery. • Guidance for officials managing recoveryprogrammes, provided through the benefit ofprevious experience elsewhere; including examplesof previous good practice. • Improved global support for more effectivemanagement of recovery after major disasters • Improved evaluation of reasons for loss anddamage, and linking that understanding with theperceived needs and already available capacitieswithin affected communities • Integrating the range of economic, physical,economic, psycho-social, environmental andadministrative dimensions into recovery planning,policies and programmes • Development of a framework for future reporting,accumulation, dissemination and realization ofdisaster recovery experience.

8. ISU-ISU PENTING UNTUK PENGURANGAN RISIKO DALAM UPAYA PEMULIHAN PASCA-BENCANA • Integrating disaster risk reduction into any priorplanning of recovery, including its explicitreference in anticipated recovery policies. • Effective risk reduction can only proceed from aprior identification and assessment of prevailing orforeseen risks, whereas much of the immediaterecovery processes are determined by a post-factoassessment of physical losses. • The systematic incorporation of risk reductionapproaches into the implementation of emergencypreparedness and response, and amongst theprimary actors involved, prior to their immediateengagement in recovery programmes. • The development or strengthening of institutions,legal mechanisms and capacities that can buildresilience to hazards throughout the recoveryprocess. • Building risk reduction values and approachesinto the human dimensions of recovery. • Ensuring the more tangible aspects of riskreduction are applied in the physicalreconstruction of new buildings andinfrastructure, while making extra efforts toensure that informal structures and local facilitieswhich most people inhabit are also safe andsecure.

9. DRR Principles in Post-Disaster Recovery (2007)Government of Grenada’s Agency for Reconstructionand Development • An integrated, multidisciplinary and coordinatedapproach to disaster risk reduction anddevelopment planning. • Enhancing safety standards, includingstrengthening of the regulatory and planningframework for disaster risk reduction. • Promoting participatory approaches includingcommunity mobilization and active civil societyinvolvement and engagement. • Building local and national capacities forincreased resilience, risk management andsustainable development. • Improving the living conditions of the affectedcommunities and sectors. • Making appropriate information about disasterrisks available for reconstruction activities. • Promoting effective public awareness andeducation, taking advantages of ongoinginitiatives. • Ensuring the inclusion of gender sensitivity. • Assuring continuous monitoring, evaluating andlearning.

10. FAKTOR-FAKTOR SUKSES • A clear political and operational mandatesupported by appropriate legislation. • Strategic plans for reconstruction and effectiverecovery, previously established; • Adequate financial, human and material resourcesdedicated to recovery. • Direct links to all line ministries, as well as other,possibly external actors or institutions involved,such as within the private or commercial sectorsand parastatal bodies. • Knowledge of the dynamics of the disasterrecovery process. • Mechanisms that permit continual two-wayconsultation with all local communities engaged inthe recovery process, taking account of theirvarious degrees of damage and needs. • An effective system to provide disaster recoverymanagement information. • An ability to engage external organizations whichalready posses required skills and abilities. • The understanding and abilities to access grants,loans and other financial sources, derived fromboth established internal allocations as well asspecialized external opportunities that can arisefollowing a disaster.

11. KEBERHASILAN PENGELOLAAN PEMULIHAN • Better, more accountable, open and participativegovernment at all levels of activity. • An assertion of the importance of ethicalstandards and professional integrity in public life. • Officials, and government practice setting positivestandards through tangible examples of goodpractice. • Developing and enforcing an appropriate andrealistic set of building by-laws. • Public involvement, understanding andacceptance of land-use planning controls. • Enhanced and continuous commitments toeducation and professional training. • Readiness to review and as may be required,reform key institutions. • Encourage well-informed and well-targetedadvocacy by civil society on government. • Long term measures to reduce poverty andrecognize other forms of inequity within a localsociety.

12. POLITIK PENGELOLAAN PEMULIHAN • Governments have the responsibility to bringtogether professionals and specialists to support allaspects of the disaster management and recoveryprocesses.No other entity should be presumed toreplace this fundamental authority and theresponsibilities it entails. • Policy issues largely predominate at the nationallevel, while district level priorities relate more toactions, problem solving and regulation. • Professionalism and technical skills are crucialresources, best obtained by recognizing therespective roles of professionals and governmentofficials, and which among them manage theircontribution effectively. • Many potential disaster issues are not routinelypart of most government officials' duties, nor arethey frequent in wider political debates. However,as soon as a major disaster occurs, they presentnumerous challenges to the government. • Politicians, political parties and their associatedstaff need to set the highest ethical examples. • Although criticism of government by oppositioninterests can mobilize the government to improveor make remedial actions, disasters and theirrecovery processes should never become a "playingfield for maligning the government for politicalreturns." • Local politicians often do have an understandingof their constituents at the local level, and this canprovide an advantage over technical experts andadministrative officers who may be more removedfrom the field truthing of the affectedcommunities.

13. RESOLUSI POLITIS • Recognize disasters are political events. • Accept the political roles in recovery management. • Appreciate the value of the insights of politicians,but also try to understand the contexts whichinform them. • Develop appropriate, and balanced, mechanismsto encourage political participation. • Inform technical issues with political wisdom andinsights.

14. MODEL-MODEL MANAJEMENPEMULIHAN PASCA-BENCANA • No existing prior management structure fordisaster recovery. • Work within existing governmental structures. • Form a new recovery task force or “special” commission. • Create a new recovery organization. • Create a new recovery organization that evolvesinto a permanent body.