UNIT 3

1. UNIT 3 THE WORLD WAR I ERA

2. OBJECTIVES • CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes and effects of World War I. • Objective 4.1: Identify the main causes of World War I. • Objective 4.2: What steps led the U.S. entering the war in 1917? • Objective 4.3:Analyze the military and financial ways in which America prepared for war. • Objective 4.4:Describe the important provisions of the Treaty of Versailles that ended the war. • THEME:At the beginning of the 20th century, a terrible war begins in Europe that will claim over 8 million lives. After staying neutral for a few years, the United States declared war to support its allies and felt the effects of warfare.

3. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 19: The World War I Era (1914–1920) Section 1: The Road to War Section 2: The United States Declares War Section 3: Americans on the European Front Section 4: Americans on the Home Front Section 5: Global Peacemaker

4. Presidents of the United States • #21 - … • Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881) • Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884) • Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888) • Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892) • William McKinley; Republican (1896) • Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901) • William Howard Taft; Republican (1909) • #28 - Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1913) George Washington; Federalist (1788) John Adams; Federalist (1796) Thomas Jefferson (1800) James Madison (1808) James Monroe (1816) John Quincy Adams (1824) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) John Tyler; Whig (1841) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) James Garfield; Republican (1880)

5. As World War I began and then spread to much of Europe, the United States tried to remain neutral as long as possible. Chapter 19 SECTION 1 – The road to war

6. Events leading to World War I • The immediate event sparking the Great War, later to be known as World War I, was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914. • However, the main causes of the war existed long before 1914. • At the time of his assassination, Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, had been visiting Bosnia, a new Austro-Hungarian province. He was shot by GavriloPrincip, a 19-year-old Bosnian nationalist who believed that Austria-Hungary had no right to rule Bosnia. WRITE THIS DOWN!

7. ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI • Austrian-Hungarian Empire controlled several ethic groups. • Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs who lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire with Serbia. • This led to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Saravejo

8. ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family. Archduke was heir to the throne in the Austrian Hungarian Empire. His assassination June 28, 1914 eventually led to WWI. GarvilloPrincip, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the Archduke. He was trying to gain allowances for his fellow Serbs who lived under Austrian rule.

9. Causes of world war i • Imperialism • Competition for colonial lands in Africa and elsewhere led to conflict among the major European powers. • Militarism • By the early 1900s, powerful nations in Europe had adopted policies of militarism, or aggressively building up armed forces and giving the military more authority over government and foreign policy. • Nationalism • One type of nationalism inspired the great powers of Europe to act in their own interests. Another emerged as ethnic minorities within larger nations sought self-government. • Alliances • In a complicated system of alliances, different groups of European nations had pledged to come to one another’s aid in the event of attack. WRITE THIS DOWN!

10. The Conflict Expands • Convinced that Serbia was behind the Archduke’s assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. • Russia, as Serbia’s protector, began mobilization, or the readying of troops for war. • France, Russia’s ally, and Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally, also began mobilization. • Germany, located between France and Russia, wanted to conquer France quickly to avoid the need to fight on two fronts. • To get to France, German forces had to pass through neutral Belgium; the invasion of Belgium brought Britain into the conflict as well. • One week after the war started, all the great powers of Europe had been drawn into it. • Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the Central Powers • Russia, France, Serbia, and Great Britain were called the Allies. WRITE THIS DOWN! WRITE THIS DOWN!

11. The War in Europe, 1914–1918 When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, the complex alliance system in Europe drew much of the continent into the conflict.

12. The schlieffen plan

13. MODERN WARFARE • Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in World War I. • Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy. • As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells. • New methods of military transportation, including tanks, airplanes, and German zeppelins, or floating airships, influenced the manner in which the war was fought. SUMMARIZE! WRITE THIS DOWN!

14. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

15. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

16. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

17. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

18. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

19. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

20. FlameThrowers GrenadeLaunchers

21. Poison Gas Machine Gun

22. TRENCH WARFARE

23. Stalemate • By September 1914, the war had reached a stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage. • When a French and British force stopped a German advance near Paris, both sides holed up in trenches, is a type of excavation or depression in the ground. • Trenches were used to avoid enemy gunfire. • Technology overcame mobility. • Opposing trenches were separated by an empty “no man’s land.” • This describes the area of land between two enemy trench systems to which neither side wished to move openly or to seize due to fear of being attacked by the enemy in the process. • Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.

24. Trench warfare • History.com Video • http://www.history.com/videos/trench-warfare

25. Trench Warfare

26. Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

27. NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS

28. 1st World War in history • Great War or War to End all War • Not called WWI until after WWII • Total war

29. LEADERS AND HEROES OF WWI Franz Ferdinand Kaiser Wilhem (Ger)President Wilson Czar Nicholas Gen. John J. Pershing Sen. Henry Lodge Sergeant Alvin York Eddie Rickenbacker Vladamir Lenin Fought the LONMost decorated AEF First American Ace Communist Leader

30. Causes of wwi • History.com video • http://www.history.com/videos/causes-of-world-war-i

31. The American Response • Because many Americans were European immigrants or the children of European immigrants, many felt personally involved in the escalating war. • Support for the Allies was partially caused by Germany’s rule by an autocrat, a ruler with unlimited power. • In addition, anti-German propaganda, or information intended to sway public opinion, turned many Americans against the Central Powers. • To protect American investments overseas , President Wilson officially proclaimed the United States a neutral country on August 4, 1914. • At the beginning of World War I (1914) the United States would remain neutral

32. The Preparedness and Peace Movements The Preparedness Movement • Americans with business ties to Great Britain wanted their country to be prepared to come to Britain’s aid if necessary. • In an effort to promote “preparedness,” the movement’s leaders persuaded the government to set up military training camps and increase funding for the armed forces. The Peace Movement • Other Americans, including women, former Populists, Midwest progressives, and social reformers, advocated peace. • Peace activists in Congress insisted on paying for preparedness by increasing taxes. Although they had hoped that a tax increase would decrease support for preparedness, the movement remained strong.

33. The Road to War—Assessment Which of the following was a cause of World War I? (A) Rising nationalism in European nations (B) Decrease in militarism among European powers (C) Pro-German propaganda in Britain (D) United States support of the Central Powers Why did the United States proclaim its neutrality in August 1914? (A) To please supporters of both sides (B) To protect its overseas investments (C) To allow time for preparedness (D) To aid Great Britain

34. The Road to War—Assessment Which of the following was a cause of World War I? (A) Rising nationalism in European nations (B) Decrease in militarism among European powers (C) Pro-German propaganda in Britain (D) United States support of the Central Powers Why did the United States proclaim its neutrality in August 1914? (A) To please supporters of both sides (B) To protect its overseas investments (C) To allow time for preparedness (D) To aid Great Britain