Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Spain Builds an Empire The Portuguese in Brazil

1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Spain Builds an Empire The Portuguese in Brazil French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of the French and Indian War Map: Colonies in the Americas Conquest and Colonies

2. Conquest and Colonies Main Idea The countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently conquering the native people who lived there. • Reading Focus • How did Spain build an empire in the Americas? • What kind of colony did the Portuguese establish in Brazil? • What was life like in the French, Dutch, and English colonies in the Americas?

3. Spain in Caribbean Encomienda Millions Died • First areas settled by Spanish, Caribbean islands, Hispaniola, Cuba • Columbus hoped to find gold, did not • Spanish introduced encomienda system there • Colonist given land and Native Americans to work the land • Required to teach native workers about Christianity • Disastrous system for Native Americans • Mistreatment, overwork took toll on population • Europeans spread new diseases Spain Builds an Empire • Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands • Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas • Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and Incas

4. The Conquest of Mexico • Conquistador • Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland to set up colonies • Hernán Cortés led expedition to Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs • Cortés a conquistador, military leader who fought against Native Americans • Cortes Marches on Capital • Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of Spanish arrival in Mexico • Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico; unpopular with those they conquered • Cortés joined by thousands of those who wanted to defeat Aztecs • Other Advantages • In addition to Native American allies, Cortés had metal weapons, heavy armor, guns, horses—animals never seen before in Americas • Disease also swept through Aztec Empire, killing thousands of people

5. November 8, 1519, Cortés, army entered Tenochtitlán, Aztec capital Cortés, Moctezuma greeted each other respectfully Spanish soon took emperor prisoner Battle erupted Moctezuma killed Months of heavy fighting followed Cortés eventually took city Defeated entire Aztec empire Aztec Empire

6. New Ruler Francisco Pizarro • 1532, new ruler, Atahualpa, agreed to meet with Spanish • Pizarro demanded Atahualpa accept Christianity, hand over empire to Spain • Atahualpa refused • Spanish killed Atahualpa, destroyed Inca army, took over empire • 10 years after conquest of Aztecs, Francisco Pizarro led expedition to Peru • Had heard of fabulous wealth of Inca Empire; hoped to win wealth for himself • Inca Empire already weakened by smallpox; many killed, including emperor • Civil war had also broken out The Conquest of Peru

7. Life in the Spanish Empire • With Mexico, Peru, Spain gained control of huge empire in Americas • Spanish king chose officials, viceroys,to govern American holdings • Spanish colonial economy based on gold, silver mining, farming • Spanish drafted Native Americans for labor in mines, on farms • Beginnings of Slavery • Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population • Some appalled at treatment • One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casas recommended replacing Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves • Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas

8. Summarize How did the Spanish create an empire in the Americas? Answer(s): conquered Aztec and Inca empires; appointed viceroys to govern

9. Treaty Colonization • 1494, Treaty of Tordesillas drew imaginary line through Atlantic Ocean • Everything west, including most of then-undiscovered Americas, would belong to Spain • Everything to east would be Portuguese • Only Brazil remained as Portuguese colony • Heavy Brazilian jungles made mining, farming difficult • Portuguese in no hurry to settle • 1530s, colonists slowly moved in, mostly along Atlantic coast • Established huge farming estates, as in Spanish lands • First used Native American, then African slave, labor to work on farms The Portuguese in Brazil Portuguese built an empire in the Americas Because of treaty, their empire was not as large as the Spanish one

10. Explain Why did few colonists originally move to Brazil? Answer(s): Heavy jungles made farming and mining difficult.

11. New France Trade and Colonization • French explorers established colonies in New France, or Canada • Hoped this would be a rich source for gold, silver • Did not find riches, but found other potentially valuable trade goods • Waters of North Atlantic swarming with fish, staple of European diet • Forests yielded valuable furs • French did not send large numbers of colonists; small groups of traders • Did not enslave Native Americans French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe; other European countries paid close attention. Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they needed to establish colonies in the Americas. Native American hunters were the French traders’ main source of furs. Many traders married Native American women, intermingling the two cultures.

12. Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico South from New France • 1682, René-Robert La Salle canoed down entire Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico • Claimed enormous Mississippi region, tributaries for France • Named huge, fertile area Louisiana, after King Louis XIV • A few French explorers headed south to seek more lands to claim • 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded city of Quebec • French also explored Mississippi River • Thought it flowed to Pacific, would provide route to Asia Further Explorations

13. The Dutch of New Netherland • Trade Interests • Dutch who came to North America interested in trade • Only large colony, New Netherland, in Hudson River valley • New Amsterdam • 1626, governor bought island of Manhattan from Wappinger • Founded city of New Amsterdam, later New York City • Slow Growth in Americas • New Netherland did not grow • Dutch focused on developing colonies in other parts of world • Other colonies more profitable • More Valuable Goods • Produced goods that could not be obtained in Europe, Americas • Caribbean sugar, Asian spices more valuable

14. Pilgrims Native Americans • 1620, Pilgrims sailed from England • Pilgrims had been persecuted in England for religious beliefs • Established colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts • Persevered despite difficulties • Colony self-sufficient within 5 years • English settlers did not share same relationship with Native Americans as French, Dutch • Jamestown, Plymouth colonies received aid from local peoples • Still, colonists viewed Native Americans with distrust, anger The English Colonies • 1607, first English colony established at Jamestown • Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific • Instead found marshy ground, impure water • 80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America • Colony still endured

15. British-French Conflict • Problems • English ran into conflict with French settlers in Americas • Mid-1700s, English colonists attempted to settle in French territory, upper Ohio River valley; tension in region grew; war broke out, 1754 • French and Indian War • Both had Native American allies; English called it French and Indian War • War began badly for British; French had more soldiers than English • British turned tide, took city of Quebec • Costly War • Eventually French surrendered, yielded Canada, all French territory east of Mississippi • War costly for British; king tried to place costs of war on colonists • Led to resentment, which eventually brought about American Revolution

18. Sequence What series of events led to the French and Indian War? Answer(s): English attempted to settle in Ohio River valley; tension grew between English and French; Native Americans allied with each side