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法學資訊服務

資訊檢索研討會. 法學資訊服務. 政治大學資訊科學系 劉昭麟 18 September 2003. Outline. Knowledge Representation Formalisms Some research in legal informatics Case categorization Prior case retrieval Legal document summarization Legal document drafting Computer-assisted sentencing Computer-assisted argumentation

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法學資訊服務

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  1. 資訊檢索研討會 法學資訊服務 政治大學資訊科學系 劉昭麟 18 September 2003

  2. Outline • Knowledge Representation Formalisms • Some research in legal informatics • Case categorization • Prior case retrieval • Legal document summarization • Legal document drafting • Computer-assisted sentencing • Computer-assisted argumentation • Research at NCCU • Criminal summary judgments

  3. Knowledge Representation • Bench-Capon and Visser (1997, UK) • Rule-based systems • Case-based systems • Statistical approach • Ontology • RDF (Ebenhoch 2001, Germany)

  4. Some Research in Legal Informatics • Case categorization • Prior case retrieval • Legal document drafting • Legal document summarization • Computer-assisted sentencing • Computer-assisted argumentation

  5. Case Categorization • Thompson (2001, USA) • Targets: 40 high level categories • Methods • kNN-like Approach • artificial cases • tfidf • C4.5 Rules • pruned rule sets obtained from a C4.5 decision tree • Ripper • learn rules from training cases

  6. Prior Case Retrieval • Al-Kofahi et al. (2001, USA) • Targets: case history • Features: • title similarity and weight • docket number • etc. • Support Vector Machine

  7. Legal Document Summarization • Moens (1997,2001, Belgium) • Targets: criminal cases • Contents: predictable and unrestricted • Text grammar for predictable contents • Shallow statistical techniques for unrestricted contents • Index terms • K-medoid clustering methods

  8. Legal Document Drafting • Branting (1998, USA) • Targets: Show-cause orders for Colorado Court of Appeals • Features: • Text grammars • Illocutionary structure • Rhetorical structure • Document planner • Document drafter

  9. Computer-Assisted Sentencing • Schild (1995, 1998, Israel) • Targets: robbery and rape • Advantage: uniformity of the sentencing system • Case-based system • Source of cases: interviewing judges • Representation: Multiple Explanation Pattern (Schank 1994) • Interaction with users

  10. Computer-Assisted Argumentation • Argumentation theories • Stranieri et al (2001, Australia) • Domain classification: no/bounded/narrow/unfettered discretion • Decision trees: legal procedures • Argument trees: canonical auguments

  11. Argumentation • Verheij (1999, The Netherlands) • Dialectical arguments • Reasons • Conclusions • Exceptions • Warrants • Views • Line-of-argument view • Statements view

  12. Education • Aleven (1997, USA) • Educate students for argumentation in the legal domain • Case-based • Issue-based

  13. Research at NCCU A Case-based Reasoning Approach to Classifying Criminal Summary Judgments in Chinese

  14. Contributors • 政治大學法學院 陳起行教授 • 台灣大學國發所 陳顯武教授 • 板橋地方法院 何君豪法官 • 政治大學資科所 張正宗先生

  15. Background Information • Documents for criminal summary judgments • Indictment document • Judgment document • Approaches • Rule-based classifiers • Case-based classifiers • Sources of decision criteria • Human-provided • Machine-generated

  16. 案由 代號 training test 公共危險罪 C1 158 271 妨害風化罪 C2 26 44 賭博罪 C3 30 87 傷害罪 C4 14 33 竊盜罪 C5 99 243 侵占罪 C6 15 46 贓物罪 C7 9 15 違反動產擔保交易法 C8 15 40 違反毒品危害防制條例 C9 19 73 違反電子遊戲場業管理條例 C10 16 23 違反兒童與少年性交易防制條例 C11 19 52 違反台灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例 C12 9 23 其他案件 C13 74 146 Data for Learning and Testing

  17. Human-Provided Rules • 人工挑選關鍵詞 • 依照下列固定的格式將rule儲存起來 • 1. 案由或法條名稱 • 2. 門檻值 • 3. no • 4. 不欲出現的詞-1 • 5. 不欲出現的詞-2 • ……… • 不欲出現的詞-n • 7. event • 8. 關鍵詞-1 • 9. 關鍵詞-2 • ……… • 10. 關鍵詞-m 刑法第二百六十八條 2 event 提供 供給 賭博場所 公眾得出入之場所 賭場

  18. Human-Provided Cases 1. 案由或法條名稱 2. 門檻值 3. no 4. 不欲出現的詞-1 5. 不欲出現的詞-2 ……… 6. 不欲出現的詞-n 7. event 8. 關鍵詞-11、關鍵詞-12、…、關鍵詞-1x:比重-1 9. 關鍵詞-21、關鍵詞-22、…、關鍵詞-2y:比重-2 ……… 10.關鍵詞-k1、關鍵詞-k2、…、關鍵詞-kz:比重-m

  19. Case Instance Examples 傷害 20 event 爭執、口角:10 基於傷害之故意、基於傷害人身體之故意:20 毆:10 挫傷、傷害、擦傷、裂傷、死亡:10 爭執→毆→擦傷:30 擦傷→口角→毆:20 基於傷害之故意→毆→裂傷:40

  20. Learning Case Instances • Segmenting Chinese character strings • Use (somewhat) customized HowNet • Prefer longest matches • Preprocessing • 依「,;。」這三個符號,將犯罪事實欄位內的資料切成許多小片段。 • 刪除描述時間與地址的小片段。 • 判斷是否為時間或地址之描述的方法 • 「年、月、日、時、分」五個出現兩個以上為時間描述之小片段。 • 「市、縣、路、村、里、段、巷、弄、號 」九個出現三個以上為地點描述之小片段。

  21. An Sample Result of Preprocessing 吳○○於民國九十年十月二十七 日上午十時十分許,在某KTV店 內服用酒類,致其反應能力降低 ,已不能安全駕駛動力交通工具 後,仍駕駛車號HY-○○○○ 號自用小客車沿板橋市文化路往 台北方向行駛,在行經臺北縣板 橋市文化路與站前路路口時,撞 及自對向車道駛來,欲左轉站前 路,由林○○所駕駛之Z3-○ ○○○號自用小客車,嗣經警方 處理,對吳○○施以酒精測試, 其測定值為0‧八五MG/L,始 循線查知上情。 在某KTV店內服用酒類,致其 反應能力降低,已不能安全駕 駛動力交通工具後,撞及自對 向車道駛來,欲左轉站前路, 由林○○所駕駛之Z3-○○ ○○號自用小客車,嗣經警方 處理,對吳○○施以酒精測試 ,其測定值為0‧八五MG/L ,始循線查知上情。

  22. A Sample Learned Case Instance • 第一行儲存的是案由或法條的名稱。 • 第二行開始,將前處理後的小片段,做斷詞處理,並刪掉長度為1的詞,剩下的詞依原出現順序,以一個空白為間隔,儲存起來。 公共危險 內服 反應 能力 降低 不能 安全駕駛 動力 交通工具 車道 左轉 駕駛 自用 客車 警方 處理 施以 酒精 測試 測定

  23. Case Instance Applications • 把欲處理的起訴書中犯罪事實欄位的資料,做與建立 case instances同樣的處理,得到一個詞的串列X。 • Instance中第二行起的資料Y,與起訴書所得到的資料X,其相似度計算方式:

  24. Example for Case Applications Instance Test data OCW 公共危險 內服 反應 能力 降低 不能 安全駕駛 動力 交通工具 車道 左轉 駕駛 自用 客車 警方 處理 施以 酒精 測試 測定 不能 安全駕駛 動力 交通工具 程度 駕駛 車號 自用 客車 途經 發覺 指揮 交通 反映 遲緩 盤查 酒精 測試 含量 毫克 不能 安全駕駛 動力 交通工具 駕駛 自用 客車 酒精 測試 Counts = 9 Counts = 21 Counts = 19 s2 = (9/19 + 9/21)/2 = 0.4511

  25. A Sample Learned Rule Instance • 第一行儲存的是案由或法條的名稱。 • 第二行開始,將前處理後的小片段,做斷詞處理,並刪掉長度為1的詞,剩下的詞以一個空白為間隔,儲存起來。詞與詞之間,原本出現順序之特徵不必保留。 公共危險 內服 反應 能力 降低 不能 安全駕駛 動力 交通工具 車道 左轉 駕駛 自用 客車 警方 處理 施以 酒精 測試 測定

  26. Rule Instance Applications • 把欲處理的起訴書中犯罪事實欄位的資料,做與建立rule instances同樣的處理,得到一個詞的串列X。 • Instance中第二行起的資料Y,與起訴書所得到的資料X,其相似度計算方式:

  27. Case Refinement Strategies • Merging similar cases • Removing irrelevant keywords

  28. Merging Similar Cases ProcedureMerge2Instances(X, Y) if ( (Size(Com(X,Y))≧p *Size(X)) and (Size(Com(X,Y)) ≧p*Size(Y)) ){ Remove X and Y from the instance database; Add Com(X, Y) into the instance database; } else if ( (Size(Com(X,Y))<p *Size(X)) and (Size(Com(X,Y)) ≧p *Size(Y)) ) Remove Y form the instance database; else if ( (Size(Com(X,Y))≧ p *Size(X)) and (Size(Com(X,Y)) <p *Size(Y)) ) Remove X form the instance database;

  29. Creating Prototypical Rules • m: index of keywords • n(i): number of case instances of Ci • k(m,i): number of occurrences of mth keyword in cases of Ci • AOF(m,i)=k(m,i)/n(i) • Remove all keywords not satisfying • Recovering some rules…

  30. Removing Similar Keywords • m: index of keywords • n(i): number of case instances of Ci • k(m,i): number of occurrences of mth keyword in cases of Ci • AOF(m,i)=k(m,i)/n(i) • Remove gth keyword if • AOF(g,i) t • The gth keyword appears in case instances of Cj, ji

  31. Weighted k Nearest Neighbors • Use WkNN for classification • Principles • 在相似度分數大於門檻值(0.3)的instances中,選取最多instances投票的案由或法條 • 若有兩個以上的案由或法條得票數相同,選取總分最高者

  32. Performance Evaluation • Standard precision and recall • F measure with b = 1 ( ) • The selection of b • 全部案由或法條的正確率之計算 • AP、AR、AF、WP、WR、WF • Correct rate and rejection rate

  33. Design Factors Keywords Cases Machine Human +Segment Human E2 E1 +Merge -Merge +Merge -Merge OneRule ManyRules p=0.7 to 0.2 step –0.1 E3 E12 E11 E10 E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9 Figure 3. Structure of our experiments Experimental Design

  34. Experimental Results

  35. Experimental Results (2)

  36. Experimental Results (3)

  37. Experimental Results (4)

  38. Experimental Results (5)

  39. Experimental Results (6)

  40. Experimental Results (7)

  41. Experimental Results (8)

  42. Experimental Results (9)

  43. Experimental Results (10)

  44. Some On-Line Resources • 行政院法務部 http://www.moj.gov.tw/ • 立法院 http://www.ly.gov.tw/ • 司法院http://wjirs.judicial.gov.tw/jirs/ • 法源http://www.lawbank.com.tw/ • 植根 http://rootlaw.lifelaw.com.tw/ • http://www.ordos.nm.cn/haoxia/navigation/zhengfa.htm

  45. References In the following references, I use AI for Artificial Intelligence, ICAIL for International Conference on Artificial Intelligenceand Law, and DEXA for International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications. • V. Aleven, Teaching Case-based Argumentation Through a Model and Examples, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Ohio, USA, 1997. • K. Al-Kofahi, A. Tyrrell, A. Vachher, P. Jackson, A machine learning approach to prior case retrieval, Proc. of the 8th ICAIL, 88–93, 2001. • T. J. M. Bench-Capon, P. R. S. Visser, Open texture and ontologies in legal information systems, Proc. of the 8th DEXA, 192–197, 1997. • K. Branting, J. Lester, C. Callaway. Automating judicial document drafting: A discourse-based approach. AI & Law,6(2-4), 111–149, 1998. • M. P. Ebenhoch, Legal knowledge representation using the resource description framework (RDF), Proc. of the 12th DEXA, 369–373, 2001. • C.-L. Liu and C.-T. Chang. Some case-refinement strategies for case-based criminal summary judgments, Proc. of the 14th Int’l Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems, to appear, October 2003. • C.-L. Liu, C.-T. Chang, J.-H. Ho, Classification and clustering for case-based criminal summary judgments, Proc. of the 9th ICAIL, 252–261, 2003. • M.-F. Moens, C. Uyttendaele, and J. Dumortier, Abstracting of legal cases: The SALOMON experience, Proc. of the 6th ICAIL, 114–122, 1997. • M.-F Moens, Innovative techniques for legal text retrieval, AI and Law, 9(1), 29–57, 2001. • U. J. Schild, Intelligent computer systems for criminal sentencing, Proc. of the 5th ICAIL, 229–238, 1995. • U. J. Schild, Criminal sentencing and intelligent decision support, AI and Law, 6(2-4), 151–202,1998. • A. Stranieri, J. Yearwood, and J. Zeleznikow, Tools for world wide web based legal decision support systems, Proc. of the 8th ICAIL, 206–214, 2001. • P. Thompson, Automatic categorization of case law, Proc. of the 8th ICAIL, 77–77, 2001. • B. Verheij, Automated argument assistance for lawyers, Proc. of the 7th ICAIL, 43–52, 1999.

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