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PoC and Private Sector in Post Disaster/Conflict settings: the need for a systemic approach

PoC and Private Sector in Post Disaster/Conflict settings: the need for a systemic approach. “Peace and Stability Operations Training and Education Workshop” ( PSOTEW ) Governance Innovation for Security & Development Track 24- -28 March 2014, George Mason University, Arlington Campus.

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PoC and Private Sector in Post Disaster/Conflict settings: the need for a systemic approach

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  1. PoC and Private Sector in Post Disaster/Conflict settings: the need for a systemic approach “Peace and Stability Operations Training and Education Workshop” (PSOTEW) Governance Innovation for Security & Development Track 24--28 March 2014, George Mason University, Arlington Campus Patrik Willot info@willot.com

  2. Thread line • What are the needs? • What are the windows of opportunity for Military support? • Necessity of a Systemic Approach • Identifying the Triggers • Some examples… Patrik Willot March 2014

  3. Some characteristics of post-conflict situations (in Private Sector Development in Post-Conflict Countries. N. Mac Sweeney, Cambridge UK, DCED 2008) Patrik Willot March 2014

  4. PoC Examples…more and more Urbantherefore: no food, guerilla, human density, etc. • Rule of Law: • Local Police must be paid their monthly salary in a situation where local GOV unable to do it. Cf. Bangui CAR • Local Police must be armed without delay. Cf. arms embargo on Haiti made it impossible • Functioning markets e.g. access of food to towns (agriculture, roads, bridges) – a priority- before Sustainable Economy • Functioning Economy: Youth at work with Cash for Work schemes, Gender positive discrimination towards Women, securing access to income generating activities, etc. • Taking into account seasons and seasonality (agricultural crops, meat supply –transhumance-) or religious (meat transformation –ethnic/religious e.g. Islamic by tradition in some Christian or Buddhist communities). Cf. Bangui CAR • Particular attention to Gender issues Patrik Willot March 2014

  5. Sociology, Social & Cultural Anthropology, Systems theory” • Necessity of an approach mixing analysis of structure, functions and time to determine the TRIGGERS • “Everything is connected to everything else” • (Source: Lt. General Zinni’s Twenty Lessons Learned for Humanitarian Assistance and Peace Operations”) • “Interdependence is the first of the fundamentals of a comprehensive approach” • (Source: Guiding Principles for Stabilization and Reconstruction –GPSR- Para 5.1 p. 29, PKSOI) Patrik Willot March 2014

  6. Need for an integrated perception in community development Source: Master Plan for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of NAD and Nias Islands North Sumatra Provinces, Republic of Indonesia 2005 Patrik Willot March 2014

  7. Society Structure, triggers, evolution in N-dimensions Trigger 1: Basic needs are covered Trigger N-1: Economic activity of the Private Sector Trigger N: Rule of Law is functioning Patrik Willot March 2014

  8. Key Success factors…unanimity in different sources Keys for redefining intervention tools in analysis of post-crisis (Source: URD Group France 2010): Avoid “Blue Print” mechanisms based on a unique evolution scenario and take into account the multiplicity of directions that the “crisis exit” may take Favor the appropriation of analysis and diagnostic by local actors by putting into place inclusive and participative mechanisms through negotiation with State and Civil Society actors Reinforce the sharing of information and analysis Patrik Willot March 2014

  9. Key Success factors…(2) • Among the success factors listed in the “Core Pre-deployment Training Materials” • Credibility • Legitimacy • Promotion of National & Local Ownership • Source: Peace Operations Training Institute. March 2014 Patrik Willot March 2014

  10. Why? What do “Beneficiaries” think? • Credibility gap • Disaster/Post Disaster: is GOV in control? No and then maybe Yes...but 1) absorption capacity; 2) political control • Who are these foreign troops (MINUSTAH: before and after, U.N. /ex-colony). What is the strategy of the big powers behind? • U.N. troops are GOV troops: economic source of revenues, Nepal/Cholera, neighbors Somali/Kenya • Legitimacy gap • Military take stock: by default in Disaster, by choice of GOV in Post Disaster • Who are these NGOs? Tsunami: work done for 80% by 20%of non-clusterised NGOs (Cluster = U.N. = GOV) => Therefore no humanitarian help for rebels – Syria) Patrik Willot March 2014

  11. = > Windows for Military support in Crisis Patrik Willot March 2014

  12. Required Thinking in terms of “Value Chains” Patrik Willot March 2014

  13. Linking the different parts…… Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Efforts Stages and Plan for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of NAD and Nias Islands North Sumatra Provinces Patrik Willot March 2014 Source: Master Plan for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of NAD and Nias Islands North Sumatra Provinces, Republic of Indonesia 2005

  14. Basic Principles for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction. Source: Master Plan for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of NAD and Nias Islands North Sumatra Provinces, Republic of Indonesia 2005 Patrik Willot March 2014

  15. Example: Importance of Women in Post Crisis economics Source: Lessons Learned from “Building Back Aceh & Nias Better” BRR Tokio International Conference on Africa Development 29 May 2008 Patrik Willot March 2014

  16. Women role and interest in Infrastructure Development • Source: Lessons Learned from “Building Back Aceh & Nias Better” BRR Tokio International Conference on Africa Development 29 May 2008 Patrik Willot March 2014

  17. Women role and interest • Source: Lessons Learned from “Building Back Aceh & Nias Better” BRR Tokio International Conference on Africa Development 29 May 2008 Patrik Willot March 2014

  18. Women role and interest • Source: Lessons Learned from “Building Back Aceh & Nias Better” BRR Tokio International Conference on Africa Development 29 May 2008 Patrik Willot March 2014

  19. Relevant actions on the triggers need to be thought and evaluated with the criteria inspired from OECD DAC • Credible and Communicated: the partners including the civil society need to be informed and need to believe in actions and results • Impactful : The positive and negative changes produced by an intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended. • What has happened as a result of the action? • What real difference has the activity made to the beneficiaries? • How many people have been affected? • Effective: A measure of the extent to which an action attains its objectives. • To what extent were the objectives achieved / are likely to be achieved? • What were the major factors influencing the achievement or non-achievement of the objectives? • Efficient: Efficiency measures the outputs -- qualitative and quantitative -- in relation to the inputs in relation to cost, timing, second best option • Sustainable: Sustainability is concerned with measuring whether the benefits of an activity are likely to continue after donor funding has been withdrawn. Patrik Willot March 2014

  20. High-Level Gaps & Challenges (Source: GPS) Gaps = weaknesses in knowledge, recurring all the time & Challenges = shortfalls in practice….among those • Lack of an agreed overall vision or “storyline” to set strategic direction • Insufficient realism in the timelines for key recovery outcomes => unreasonable expectations from all parties • Inadequate links between priorities across the security, rule of law, governance, economic & social arenas • Insufficient understanding of host nation context & needs Patrik Willot March 2014

  21. Years later…. • Source: Lessons Learned from “Building Back Aceh & Nias Better” BRR Tokio International Conference on Africa Development 29 May 2008 Patrik Willot March 2014

  22. Summary • Systemic approach is needed but requires: • Credibility (hidden agenda)/Communication • a Holistic approach • a System approach (structure, evolution, process) • a Participatory approach => National & Local Ownership Patrik Willot March 2014

  23. Source: Lessons Learned from “Building Back Aceh & Nias Better” BRR Tokio International Conference on Africa Development 29 May 2008 Backup Patrik Willot March 2014

  24. Backup What was the main lesson learnt from Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda (JEEAR)? “The evaluation was highly critical of the absence of an effective political and military response to the genocide by the international community. In such a context, humanitarian action effectively became a substitute for political action and humanitarian agencies were forced to work in extremely challenging, almost impossible situations.” Source: The Sphere Project. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. John Bolton 2014 Patrik Willot March 2014

  25. Keys to a Systemic approach to Society Society • Has a structure • Has functions as in “Processes” • Has a dynamic evolution from one unstable equilibrium point to another Society in post crisis undergoes threats to its structure, processes and evolution Societies in poor countries are even more unstable => …what about Societies in post crisis in poor countries…. Patrik Willot March 2014

  26. Backup Patrik Willot March 2014 • Source: Lessons Learned from “Building Back Aceh & Nias Better” BRR Tokio International Conference on Africa Development 29 May 2008

  27. Backup Patrik Willot March 2014 • Source: Lessons Learned from “Building Back Aceh & Nias Better” BRR Tokio International Conference on Africa Development 29 May 2008

  28. Backup Patrik Willot March 2014 • Source: Lessons Learned from “Building Back Aceh & Nias Better” BRR Tokio International Conference on Africa Development 29 May 2008

  29. PoC = a definition, its Principles, the sequence? • The Protection of Civilians (PoC) refers, among others, to efforts to secure the rights of civilians to access essential services and resources and to contribute to a secure, stable and just environment for civilians in the long term (PoC Military Reference Guide – PKSOI- January 2013) • Time line = Peace Support Operations (PSO) or Military Operations during Armed Conflict (MOAC) • 5 Principles Patrik Willot March 2014

  30. PoC Military Reference Guide - the 5-45 FWK Patrik Willot March 2014

  31. Society as a “living” organism, therefore “a complex system” “Process” analysis is required to analyse “Value Chains (example: seasons-> crops, safe roads->access to market, market transparent-> food for urban population. Meat market and commerce controlled by ethnic/religious group. CAR, Uganda, etc.) Value chains, as any chains, are only as solid as their weakest element, one suffice to break the chain Value chains need to be tackled very upstream in critical path since errors and benefits de-multiply along the chain Patrik Willot March 2014

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