Texas History Chapter 21, 22, 23

Texas HistoryChapter 21, 22, 23 World War l, Great Depression, War & Peace

International Affairs • Mexican Revolution was a concern for Texans • Pancho Villa led a raid on Columbus, NM

U.S. Troops Enter Mexico • President Wilson sent General Pershing to pursue Pancho Villa • Pancho Villa was NEVER CAPTURED

U.S. Enters WW1 • German submarines sinking ships carrying American passengers caused President Wilson to bring the U.S. into the “Great War.”

Germany Makes Offer to Mexico • German diplomat promised to help Mexicoregain Texas, Arizona and New Mexico if Mexico would support Germany in WW1.

Anti-German Feelings • Some schools discontinued Germanclasses because people had anti-German feelings.

Texas Mobilizes for War • Mexicans living in Texas were not required to serve in the U.S. military. • Many volunteered anyway and were honored for bravery in battle.

Texas Mobilizes for War • Texas was an ideal location for military bases because of its mild climate and wide open spaces. • Army established training camps at Houston, Ft. Worth, Waco and San Antonio

Texas Mobilizes for War • The largest flight training school in the world was located at Camp Kelly in San Antonio.

“Do Your Bit” • Slogan on WW1 posters • Texans helped the war effort by giving to the Red Cross and rationing food. • 200,000 Texans served in the military

Texas Women • Women helped the war effort by becoming factory workers. • Still, struggle for equality was only partially successful.

Struggle for Equality • Women got less pay than men for doing the same job • Minority women were limited to low-paying jobs

Struggle for Equality • African American soldiers: less prejudice in Europe • Minoritiesstill found discrimination and prejudice in Texas when they returned home from war

Struggle for Equality • Not until 1944, did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that all-white Texas primaries were not legal.

Economy in 1920s • After the war, cotton prices fell. • People began to leave the farm and rural life for the city to find jobs • Rural: country life, agriculture

Texas in the 1920s • “Horse and Buggy” era came to an end • Women became involved in politics • Football became popular sport in high school and college

Great Depression Begins • Crop prices decreased • People went into debt • Unemployment rose

Texas in the Great Depression • Farmers’ incomes fell • Many people could not afford to pay for food • Mexican immigration decreased

New Deal Begins • Roosevelt began new programs to deal with problems from Great Depression • “Alphabet agencies”were created by the New Deal

Works Progress Administration • WPA was one agency created to supply mostly construction jobs for unemployed workers

Texas Celebrates Centennial • 1936: main celebration of the Centennial was held at Fair Park in Dallas

Politics in 1930s • Mexican Americans began to fight for rights • LULAC: League of United Latin American Citizens

Dictators Come to Power • Military leaders took control in Germany, Italy, and Japan. • Axis powers agreed by treaty not to attack each other.

Allied Powers V. Axis Powers • Allied countries included Great Britain, France, Russia, and later, the U.S.

Roosevelt Aids Allies • Franklin D. Roosevelt was the U.S. President during WWll. • Lend-Lease Act: U.S. lent military equipment to the Allies, or countries fighting Axis powers

Japanese Bomb Pearl Harbor • FDR: “A day that will live in infamy” • U.S. declared war against Japan because of the attack on Pearl Harbor

Texans Respond • Doris Miller: Waco hero of Pearl Harbor • Chester Nimitz: Commander of Pacific fleet

Texans Respond • Dwight Eisenhower: Commanded the Allied forces in Europe • Audie Murphy: most decorated soldier

Texans Respond • Women’s Army Corps (WAC) commanded by Oveta Culp Hobby

Texans Respond • Texans sacrificed during WWll by rationing sugar and planting victory gardens • Cities conducted blackouts to protect against air attacks

Texans Respond • To prevent German subs from attacking tankers in the Gulf of Mexico, scientists constructed underground pipelines

Population Boom • Texas experienced population growth because of wartime employment opportunities • War presented new employment opportunities for women & minorities

Holocaust • Holocaust: Nazis’ mass murder of European Jews • Jews were the chief victims of the Holocaust

Prisoners of War in Texas • Many prisoner of war camps housed Japanese, German, and Italian prisoners • Prisoners worked in agricultural.

GI Bill of Rights • Returning soldiers were aided in getting a college education by the GI Bill of Rights

Axis Powers Conquered • The U.S. left an army of occupation in axis territories after their defeat. • Army of occupation: military force that remains in a conquered land

Post-WWll • After WWll, the U.S. was committed to stopping the spread of communism

Communism • Communism: political theory that includes eliminating private property • After the war, Soviet Union set up communist dictatorships in North Korea and in Eastern Europe

Cold War • The Cold War heated up when North Korea invaded South Korea • Cold War: a time of smaller, localized hostilities. • U.S. soon found itself again at war.

Good Luck on Your Test! • Audie Murphy: most decorated soldier of World War ll, movie actor, author, hero • http://www.audiemurphy.com/

Texas History Chapter 21, 22, 23