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Cha p t er 12 Spa c e Explo r a tion

Cha p t er 12 Spa c e Explo r a tion. Se c t ion 1 2 . 1. page 42 8. E x plaining the E arly U n i v e r se GALAXY – c ol l e c t i on of s t a r s, p l a n e t s, g as and du s t held t o g e t her b y g r a vi t y -Edwin Hubble was the first astronomer to identify other

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Cha p t er 12 Spa c e Explo r a tion

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  1. Chapter12 SpaceExploration

  2. Section12.1 page 428 ExplainingtheEarlyUniverse GALAXY–collectionofstars,planets,gas anddustheldtogether bygravity -Edwin Hubble was the first astronomer to identify other galaxies besides the milky way. UNIVERSE GALAXY–MilkyWay SOLAR SYSTEM

  3. MeasuringDistancesinOurUniverse • The distance to most stars from Earth are millions of AUs therefore: • -distanceswithinourUniversearemeasuredinlight • years • 1 light year=distancelight will • travel in1 year • =9.5trillionkm • Speed oflight=300,000km/s

  4. Hubble’sProposal • Edwin Hubble noticed that galaxies were not staying still but they were moving away from each other (based on red shift analysis) • He proposed that theUniverseis expanding, • and galaxiesaremovingaway • fromeachother • The furtherawaytheGalaxy, the • fasteritismoving

  5. THEORIESOFTHEORIGINOFTHEUNIVERSE

  6. THEBIGBANGTHEORY • SincethereisevidencethatourUniverseis Expanding,it must havestartedsomewhere! • ~13.7billionyearsagotherewasamassiveexplosionand veryhightemperatures~1 billion°C were reached • VeryRapidExpansion of a tiny volume of space • OpenUniverse–one thatwillExpandforever. First described by Georges Lemaitre in 1927.

  7. THEOSCILLATINGTHEORY • ClosedUniverse–onethatwillexpandsofar andis thendrawnback bygravitationalforces,allthematterwillmeetagainina“Big Crunch” • Thistheorysays the Universegoesthrougha seriesofbangsand crunches in anongoing cycle • Currentlystillexpandingfromthe mostrecent explosion

  8. THEORIESOFTHEORIGINOFTHE SOLARSYSTEM

  9. STELLARCOLLISIONTHEORY ThisTheorysaysthat OurSolarSystem wascreatedfrom thespin offofcollidingstars!

  10. NEBULARHYPOTHESIS Nebulae(Nebula)- clouds of Hydrogen gasanddustbetweenstars -Whenpulled together bygravity,starsformifhotenough - A nearbyexploding starcouldhavecausedashock wavewhichstartedthe process -As the cloud begins to collapse it startstorotate

  11. -4.5 billion years ago, the Sun became an active star and the leftover material combined to form 8 planets, and other smaller bodies such as moons, asteroids, and comets. -Not all the planets formed at the same time or in the same way…the inner planets were formed first followed by the outer planets

  12. TASK Read Section 12.1 in the textbook and answer the following questions: p. 443 #s 1,5,6,7,8,9,11,12.

  13. p. 433 1. Hubble noticed that all galaxies are moving away from each other. 2. Hubble proposed that the universe is expanding in all directions, and that the galaxies have taken the same amount of time to reach their present positions from an original starting point. 4. The Oscillating theory states that the universe is closed and that there is enough matter in the universe to slow (because of gravity) and eventually stop the expansion of the universe. According to this theory, all matter will meet again in a Big Crunch. 5. Cosmic background radiation is the radiation left over from the Big Bang expansion.

  14. p. 439 1. The nebular hypothesis of solar system formation is that the Sun and planets formed when a large nebula condensed and was collected together by gravity. 2. Our solar system formed more than 4.5 billion years ago. 3. Inner or terrestrial planets and outer or Jovian planets. 4. The distances are too great to be measured in astronomical units.

  15. GalaxiesandStars Section12.2

  16. What is a star? Stars are hot bodies of glowing gas that vary in size, mass and temperature. The color of a star is determined by its temperature: the hottest stars are blue and the coolest stars are red.

  17. THEEVOLUTION OFSTARS

  18. The Life of a Star Stage 1 – stars are born in Nebula and condense into a large globule of gas and dust that contracts under its own gravity Stage 2 – The condensing matter begins to heat up and glow forming Protostars. Stage 3 – If there is enough matter the central temperature reaches 15 million degrees and nuclear reactions start. Stage 4: The star begins to release energy causing it to shine.

  19. The Death of a Star -When a star starts to run out of hydrogen fuel I it becomes a red giant or a super giant. - Red giants grow bigger and form a cloud of gas called a planetary nebula. As it cools, it becomes a white dwarf which will eventually run out of fuel and die becoming a black dwarf. -Red super giants may suddenly explode which is called a supernova. After this explosion, leftover star material may form a neutron star. After a large mass star explodes, a large amount of mass remains and the gravity of the mass is soo strong that the gas is pulled inward, decreasing its volume. Eventually, the gravity is soo strong that nothing can escape, including light. The massive star then becomes a black hole.

  20. BLACKHOLE • Sphereofextremelydensematerial withagravitational pullsostrong notevenlightcanpassoutofit! • CreatedwhenaSUPERGIANT starcollapsesinonitself

  21. QUASAR • Regionofextremelyhighenergy whichdevelopsarounda supermassiveblack holeasmatter is attractedinto • itself • This energy • makes them the • brightest objects • in the universe.

  22. TheFutureofSpaceExploration Pilots Technicians Engineer CareersRelatedto Space Astronaut Scientist Doctor

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