Industrialization

2. Ms. Garratt Honors World History Chapter 9: Sections 1 – 4 Industrialization

3. Overview • Transformative which will gradually impact the political, economic and social lives of the entire • Begins in 1780s in England • Agricultural Rev spurs its development

4. Second Agricultural Revolution • Impact of enclosures • New agricultural methods • Farms become more profitable • Displacement of small farmers • New technology/discoveries • Seed drill – Jethro Tull • Crop rotation • Fertilizers • Breeding – Robert Bakewell • McCormick Reaper

5. Seed Drill - JethroTull

6. Why Britain? Natural Resources • (1) Natural Resources: • Water power & coal for energy • Iron ore to construct machines, tools, buildings • Rivers for transportation • Harbors for export

7. Why Britain? Business Infrastructure • 2) Business infrastructure • Entrepreneurial class (business people) • Banking system for loans • Acquisition of capital • Parliament – laws passed to protect & encourage industrial development

8. Why Britain? Political Stability • (3) Political Stability • Key to development in any country • Parliament passes laws to protect & encourage capital and foreign ventures. • Overseas trade & commerce provides opportunities for investment

9. Why Britain? Surplus Labor • Due to Agricultural Revolution workers were displaced • Migrated to the cities (urbanization) • Worked in factories or coal or iron ore mines

10. Why Britain? Consumerism • Populaton explosion meant there were people to consume products • Economic prosperity of middle classes • Economies of scale for lower classes

11. Why Britain? Technological Inventions • Britain was leader in techno innovation. • IR began in textile industry • Flying Shutting • Spinning Jenny • Spinning mule • Power looms • Water frame • Water power • Factories

12. Cottage industry Major Inventions Change Workplace Factory work

13. Transportation • Harbors • Canals • Roads • Macadams • Turnpikes • Steam Engine • James Watt • Matthew Boulton • Locomotives

14. How Railroads Spurs Economic Growth • (1) cheap form of transportation • (2) creates hundreds of thousands of jobs for miners & rr workers • (3) boosts agric & fishing industries • (4)enables suburban living and travel

15. Impact: Urbanization • Factories located by energy sources • Cities lacked: • Development plans • Sanitary or building codes • Adequate police/fire protection • Sufficient housing • Cities contained: • Unpaved streets • Garbage heaps • Slums • Epidemics

17. Working Conditions • Sweatshops • Child Labor • Low Wages • 12- hour days in some cases • 6-7 days a week • Hazardous working conditions • No workers compensation for injuries • Exploitation

18. Child Labor • Factory Act 1833 • Illegal under the age of 9 • 9-13 only 8 hrs a day • Mines Act 1842 • Prevents women & children in mines • Ten Hours Act 1847 • National Child Labor Committee • Supported by unions • Reversed by Supreme Court

22. Who created this cartoon?

23. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

24. Liberalism & Industrialization • Liberalism which challenged mercantilism • Arose out of the enlightenment • Belief that free market was most efficient way to generate wealth • Tariffs restricted trade & wealth

25. Adam Smith • Wealth of Nations 1776 • Three natural laws of economics • Law of self interest • Law of competition • Law of Supply & Demand (S/D) • International division of labor

26. Capitalism • Existed in Middle Ages – long distance trade • Industrial Capitalism • Capitalists owned the factors of production • Free trade liberalism • Invest for profit • No government regulation or intervention • Would generate wealth & prosperity for society

27. Rise of Corporations • Stock • Shareholders • No personal liability • Monopolies will develop • Andrew Carnegie • John D. Rockefeller

28. New Class Emerges • Middle class (bourgeoisie) used to refer to townspeople • New industrial middle emerges (bankers, factory owners,skilled workers, merchants, entrepreneurs) • Benefitted from IR in short run • Became richer than many aristocrats • Not until late 1800s were they considered social equals

29. Case Study: Manchester, England • Factory Act 1813 • Pollution • Unregulated business

30. Spread of Industrialization in the US • US • Samuel Slater • War of 1812 • Belgium • Germany • Why it didn’t spread to some countries or did so very slowly

31. Dire Predictions: Dismal Science

32. Thomas Malthus • He wrote Essay on the Principle of Population • Predicted pop would outpace food production • Without checks on pop (war, epidemics…) poverty would increase • Urged pop control • His predictions never materialized • Food supply increased • Living conditions improved • Fewer children

33. Population Explosion • What was the cause of this explosion? • Stable food supply • Declining death rate • Reduced risk of famine • Better hygiene and sanitation • Less disease • Increased infant mortality

35. David Ricardo – Iron Law of Wages • Agreed that poor were having too many children • Noted that when wages were high families had more children • More children increased the supply of workers which led to lower wages & higher employment • Held out no hope for escape from poverty • “Dismal science” • Both Malthus & Ricardo opposed gov assistance • Best cure for poverty was “unrestricted laws of the free market” • Individuals had to work hard & limit family size

36. Hopeful Philosophies

37. Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham – 1700s • Role of gov was to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people • Urged gov involvement • Ideas should be based on their “utility” • John Stuart Mill 1800s • Questioned unregulated capitalism • Pushed for legal and prison reforms

38. Utopianism • Robert Owen • Reformer • New Lanark & New Harmony • Mill owner who created utopian towns

39. Socialism • Factors of production should be owned by the public & operate for the benefit of all. • Gov intervention necessary to plan the econ rather than rely on free market capitalism • Control of key industries (mines, factories, railroads) would end poverty & promote equality • Charles Fourier and Saint-Simone

40. Prediction of Revolution

41. Marxism: Radical Socialism • Communist Manifesto 1848 • History is conflict between “haves” and “have nots” • History goes through cycles determined by economics • “Haves” own all the means of production • The oppressed proletariat will eventually violently overthrow the bourgeoisie

42. Communism • After violent revolution a “dictatorship of the proletariat” would be formed • After abolition of economic differences a “classless society” would form • The state (a tool of the bourgeoisie) would then “wither away”. • No government would be necessary

43. Revisionists • Reformers not revolutionaries. • Denounced by Marx • Believed that by winning the right to vote socialist goals would be achieved gradually by working within the system. • Workers did win many reforms such as: • Better working conditions • Shorter hours • Higher pay • Workman’s compensation

44. Labor Unions & Reform

45. Reform Movement Spreads

46. Positive Impact of Industrialization • Jobs • Wealth • Technological progress & inventions • Raised standard of living (sol) • Diet • Housing • Mass produced goods • Expanded edu opportunities • Not until after 1850 did workers

47. Luddites