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Building Blocks of Organic Compounds

Building Blocks of Organic Compounds. Madison Southern High School Biology Unit - Biochemistry. What is an organic compound?. Biochemistry What are living things made of?. C, H, N, O, P, S 98% of living matter Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn electron carriers

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Building Blocks of Organic Compounds

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  1. Building Blocks of Organic Compounds Madison Southern High School Biology Unit - Biochemistry

  2. What is an organic compound?

  3. Biochemistry What are living things made of? • C, H, N, O, P, S 98% of living matter • Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn electron carriers • Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca only as ions • trace elements

  4. Why These 16? • Unique chemical properties • C, N, O: form multiple strong bonds • P: part of ATP/DNA; bonds store energy

  5. What is a polymer? • Most macromolecules are polymers • monomer • polymer • macromolecule

  6. 4 types of organic compounds • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Essential for all living things

  7. Monosaccharides Draw the structures of the three Monosaccharides. The three structures are isomers. What does that mean? Bonds – Black Carbon – RedHydrogen – BlueOxygen – Green

  8. Monosaccharides GLUCOSE GALACTOSE Bonds – Black Carbon – RedHydrogen – BlueOxygen – Green

  9. Carbohydrates • contain C, H, O • Important because they contain a great deal of energy which is stored in the bonds • called sugar or saccharide With energy from light, plants can build sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

  10. 3 Types of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide • Disaccharide • Polysaccharide

  11. 3 Types of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide – monomer • Single sugar made of 5 or 6 carbon atoms • Examples of Monosaccharides

  12. 2 More Monosaccharide's

  13. 2. Disaccharides Two sugar molecule • Examples of Disaccharides

  14. …MORE Examples of Disaccharides

  15. How to make a Disaccharide Condensation or Dehydration synthesis reactions

  16. Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis of a Disaccharide

  17. Formation of Disaccharides

  18. How to digest or break down a disaccharide? • Hydrolysis Reaction • Must use or split a water molecule

  19. Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide

  20. 3. Polysaccharides • 3) Polysaccharide – Polymer • Made by condensation reactions- Bonding Many simple sugar molecules together to form the macromolecules • Can be made of 1000s of monosaccharides

  21. Examples of Polysaccharides • Humans cannot digest these polysaccharides Structural Polymers

  22. 3 Types of Carbohydrates …MORE Examples of Polysaccharides Storage Polymers

  23. How do digest or break down Polysaccharides?By Hydrolysis Reactions • Polysaccharides are digested by hydrolysis reactions just like disaccharides. • Must use a water molecule for each bond broken between simple sugar molecules.

  24. Examples of Carbohydrates The small black granules (dots) are glycogen.

  25. Lipids-Fats, Oils,Sterols LOOK in your book on page58 Monomers of Lipids Glycerol – C3H5(OH)3 Saturated Fatty Acid – C5H11COOH Unsaturated Fatty Acid – C5H9COOH Bonds – Black Carbon – RedHydrogen – BlueOxygen – Green

  26. Lipids • Fatty Acid – monomer • COOH carboxyl group at one end (polar) • Attracted to water (hydrophilic) • Hydrocarbon end (nonpolar) • tends not to interact with water (hydrophobic)

  27. Lipids What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Solid at room temperature - animal fats (bacon, lard, butter) Liquids at room temperature - olive oil, corn oil.

  28. Saturated Fats • At room temperature, saturated fats are usually solid. • Source: primarily in animal products including beef, lamb, pork and chicken, egg yolk, dairy fats of cream, milk, cheese, butter; coconut and palm oil; non-dairy creams because they contain coconut oil • Consumption of saturated fats has been linked with risk of coronary heart disease: • sources of saturated fat are full of cholesterol(except coconut and palm oil) • diet high in saturated fat facilitates cholesterol synthesis by the liver (including coconut and palm oil)

  29. At room temperature, unsaturated fats are usually liquid. Monounsaturated Sources: olive, peanut, canola, rape oil, almonds, avocado Polyunsaturated Sources: sunflower, soybean, corn, and safflower oil, fish oil, walnuts, sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds, tofu, lard Unsaturated Fats

  30. Trans-unsaturated fatty acids (TFA) • TFA are product of hydrogenation which increases the saturation of fatty acids within oils and converts natural cis to trans configuration • Hydrogenation= industrial process that chemically transforms a low melting point oil into a solid fat with a higher melting point to enhance product taste, stability and shelf life. • Found in commercially fried foods(French fries, popcorn), commercial baked goods and snacks (cakes, cookies, biscuits), margarine, and cheapvegetableshortenings (not in e.g. Flora, Rama). • Trans-fatty acids have many adverse metabolic effects including elevation of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, reduction in HDL cholesterol, and adverse effects on endothelial function, inflammatory markers, and probably insulin resistance.

  31. Types of LipidsPhospholipids • Lipids that are found in a membrane or barrier of a cell or cell structures - Used mainly for structure

  32. Lipids

  33. Types of LipidsTriglycerides • Energy storage - High energy molecules (twice the energy found in glucose) • Found in cells – cushions and insulates body and nerves • Made from 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails = triglyceride

  34. Types of LipidsWaxes • Forms a barrier for protection Ear wax Waxy leaves

  35. Types of LipidsSteroids • Ring structures (no fatty acids) • Animal hormones – testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

  36. Proteins • Polymers (polypeptides) are formed from 20 different monomers (amino acids) • Structure of an amino acid

  37. Amino Acids R groups (shaded white) determine the chemical properties of an amino acid

  38. Making a polypeptide chain • peptide bonds form between COOH and NH2

  39. Proteins Amino acids build two types of proteins 1) Structural: This type is used in building structures in an organism 2) Chemical: This type gets involved in chemical reactions. Antibodies and enzymes perform chemical chores.

  40. Nucleic Acids • Store important information in the cell • Consist of nucleotides (monomer) • Nucleotide • 5 carbon sugar • Phosphate group • Nitrogen base • Adenine • Cytosine • Thymine • Guanine

  41. Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of monomers (nucleotides)

  42. Nucleic Acids DNA contains information essential for cell activities.

  43. Nucleic Acids RNA stores and transfers information necessary for making proteins.

  44. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate A nucleotide

  45. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate A nucleotide • Primary energy source for the cell • Key to ATP’s usefulness 3 phosphate groups Let’s Read ATP, Your Rechargeable Battery

  46. Review Carbohydrates What is the polymer? Polysaccharide Cellulose Starch Glycogen What is the monomer? Monosaccharide

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