Physical and Motor Development

1. Physical and Motor Development Sukla Dutta

2. Movement is important for children's development and learning

3. What is Motor Development? • The development of action and • coordination of one’s limbs. • The development of strength, • posture control, balance and • perceptual skills.

4. Principles of Motor Development • Neural and muscular maturation • Readiness of the child • Predictable pattern • Individual differences

5. What Influences Motor Development ? • Maturation - From central to peripheral - From head to toe • Environment - Growth, strength, nutrition - Motivation • Practice - New skills build on prior abilities - Motor pathways are refined through use

6. How will these promote other skills ? • Activities that require good control over the whole body are useful for ‘gymnastic’ skills later • Activities that require strength and speed help in sports skills and games • Activities emphasizing rhythm lead to skills in dancing

7. Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills MOTOR COORDINATION

8. Gross Motor Skills

9. Gross Motor Milestones (2 – 5 Years of Age) : GROSS MOTOR BEHAVIOUR 48 months : May ascend a ladder by leading with alternate feet. Broad jumps approximately 0.61 metre. Balances on one foot for 8 seconds. Is able to hop on one foot. Catches objects that have been thrown. Jumps in place with two feet. 52 months : Displays highly synchronous walking. Descends stairs by leading with alternate feet. 56 months : Descends ladder by leading with alternate feet. Is able to hop seven or more steps on one foot. Throws 0.08 metre ball 3.05 metre. 5 years : Is beginning to skip. Walks backward heel to toe. Walks like an adult. Gallops. Hops 10 or more steps on one foot. Throws a 0.23 metre ball approximately 3.05 metre.

10. Instructional Objectives • It refines a child’s gross motor( large muscle ) skills. • Body awareness – for improved posture and control crossing the mid-line-laterity, i.e., awareness of the left and right sides of the body • The child also encounters objects in nature or something which captivates his or her attention • The child develops the ability to maintain equilibrium • Major muscle coordination – spatial orientation – awareness of body position in space and in relation to other object and people • Acquires vocabulary during activities like backward, forward, sideways, etc.

11. Play is Learning……….

12. Walking : • In and out of circles, hoops, tyres, outlines • Along a line(chalk), piece of string, etc. • Using a rope or string to guide children through a maze • Walking to different music tempos Group of children walking in circle holding hands

13. Balancing: • Walk along a chalk line, string line or narrow board • Climbing steps/stairs/step ladders without hand support • Walking on knees with hands in the air • Walking up an inclined plank with confidence and speed girl balancing school books on head

14. Running: • Around an obstacle course • On the spot/on the toes • With the hands on head/ hips/ behind back etc School children running in a game

15. Jumping: • Jump up to touch/reach suspended • objects, leaves, balloons, toys etc. • Stand up and jump from shape to shape • Jump on mattresses, tyres etc Child jumping over a hurdle

16. Creeping , Crawling, Rolling: • Treasure hunt – crawl or creep to find hidden objects • “Follow the Leader”

17. Swinging: • Swing in a standing position without support

18. Hopping: • Hop into/out of hoops • Hop along stepping stones • Make patterns on the ground of shapes, colours, dots. Hop on one colour, dot etc

19. Rhythmic Movement: • Clapping hands according to the beat • Clapping/stopping with music variations • Singing and performing action songs • Swinging rhythmically

20. Throwing: • Children sit in two rows and throw a • ball in opposite directions • Make a relay race

21. Catching: • Increase the catching • distance gradually

22. Kicking: • Balloons of different sizes • Aim at a target- set up target areas for children to kick at, eg., bulls eye

23. Skipping: • Around objects • In circle games • To music with variety of rhythms

24. REMEMBER • Large muscles develop before smaller ones • Thus, gross motor development is the foundation for developing skills in other areas

25. Developmental Objectives attained from Gross Motor Skills………… • Inculcate team spirit • Increases perseverance • Increases body coordination • Increases ability to balance • Children learn to wait for their turn • Increases coordination • Develops vocabulary

26. SUMMARY……….. There are many different materials and activities that can be utilized to help young children develop large motor skills. Our responsibility is simply to provide them with a variety of materials, facilities and opportunities that promote development in this area through daily activities……………

27. Thank You

28. Development of Fine Motor Skills

29. What are Fine Motor Skills • Developing control over the movement of finer muscles in particular the finger and wrist muscles • Developing hand-eye coordination

30. Hierarchy and Progression of Typical Fine Motor Development

31. Instructional Objectives Ocular Motor Control – The ability of the eyes to follow and focus on an object in the field of vision as required. Hand – Eye Coordination – The ability to execute activities with the hands, guided by the eyes requiring accuracy in placement, direction and spatial awareness Foot-Eye Coordination – The ability to execute action with the feet, guided by the eyes Manual Dexterity – The ability to accurately manipulate the hands and fingers for neat handwriting, drawing, typing skills, etc.

32. Hand Development Milestones • Development of arches in hand • Development of wrist extension that supports skilled finger movements • Development of an awareness of the – “skill” side of the hand • Development of an open index finger –thumb web space – O • Development of skill in the small muscles contained in the hand

33. Develop creative skills while having fun…

34. Threading: • Helps children learn…. • Small muscle control • Hand-eye coordination • To put objects in proper • sequence

35. Tearing, cutting, pasting : • Helps children learn…. • Finger coordination • Hand-eye coordination

36. Drawing, colouring, painting • Helps children learn…. • Finger muscle development • Hand-eye coordination • Creative expression • how to use pictures and symbols to represent ideas

37. Sorting, pattern making • Helps children learn/develop…. • Hand-eye coordination • Observation power • To use their imagination

38. Clay Activity • Helps children learn…. • to tone manipulative skills • to use their imagination • to put ideas into shapes • to develop artistic skills

39. Printing • Helps children learn…. • Finger coordination • Hand-eye coordination

40. The Sequence of Writing • Like other areas of your child’s development, prewriting • skills follow a predictable sequence in this order : • Scribbling • Imitating • Copying

41. Developmental Objectives attained from Fine Motor Skills • Improves hand-eye coordination • Improves foot-eye coordination • Increases observation power • Enhances finger muscle development • Fosters creative expression • Enhances the ability to recognize unseen objects using • the sense of touch

42. Be Creative and Have FUN

43. Thank You