The Circulatory and Cardiovascular Systems Vocabulary Important info Headings

1. The Circulatory and Cardiovascular Systems Vocabulary Important info Headings

4. Surface Projection of the Heart • Superior right point at the superior border of the 3rd right costal cartilage • Superior left point at the inferior border of the 2nd left costal cartilage 3cm to the left of midline • Inferior left point at the 5th intercostal space, 9 cm from the midline • Inferior right point at superior border of the 6th right costal cartilage, 3 cm from the midline

5. Four chambers Atria Receiving chambers Right atrium Left atrium Ventricles Discharging chambers Right ventricle Left ventricle Heart valves Allow blood to flow in one direction ONLY Four valves AtrioVentricular Valves– b/t atria & ventricles Bicuspid valve (left) Tricuspid valve (right) SemiLunar valves b/t ventricle & artery Pulmonary Semilunar valve Aortic Semilunar valve The Heart: Internal Anatomy

6. Layers of Heart Wall • Epicardium • visceral layer of serous pericardium • Myocardium • cardiac muscle layer is the bulk of the heart • Endocardium • chamber lining & valves

7. Cardiac Myofibril***Look familiar?***

8. Valve Function • Ventricles contract, blood pumped into aorta and pulmonary trunk through SL valves • Atria contract, blood fills ventricles through A-V valves

9. Heart Murmur • Heart murmurs are most often caused by defective heart valves. • A valve may be unable to close completely. • This leads to regurgitation, which is blood leaking backward through the valve when it should be closed Normal heartbeat murmur

10. What Causes the Heartbeat? LUB DUP

11. Autorhythmic Cells Cells fire spontaneously, act as pacemaker and form conduction system for the heart SA (sinoatrial) node cluster of cells in wall of Rt. Atria begins heart activity that spreads to both atria excitation spreads to AV node AV (atrioventricular) node in atrial septum, transmits signal to Bundle of His AV bundle of His the connection between atria & ventricles divides into bundle branches & purkinjefibers, large diameter fibers that conduct signals quickly Conduction System of Heart

12. Rhythm of Conduction System • SA node fires spontaneously 90-100 times per minute • AV node fires at 40-50 times per minute • If both nodes are suppressed fibers in ventricles by themselves fire only 20-40 times per minute • Artificial pacemaker needed if pace is too slow • Extra beats forming at other sites are called Ectopic Pacemakers • caffeine & nicotine increase activity

13. Blood Pressure • Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries • Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction (CONTRACTION OF HEART) • Diastolic– pressure when ventricles relax (RELAXATION OF HEART) • Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases

14. Pulse • Pulse • Pressure wave of blood • “Pressure Points” • Area where pulse is easily palpated • Simple monitoring Figure 11.16

15. Variations in Blood Pressure • Human normal range is variable • Normal BP • Less than 120 mm hg systolic • Less than 80 mm hg diastolic • Hypotension • Low systolic (below 110 mm hg) • Often associated with illness • Hypertension • High systolic (above 140 mm hg) • Can be dangerous if it is chronic

16. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure

17. Nervous System: Big Brother • Nervous System controls heartbeat • Sympathetic NS= Fight or Flight • Parasympathetic NS = Relaxation(SLUDD)

18. What is your Resting Heart Rate? Normal = 60-75 Beats/Minute

19. THE BLOOD

20. The 3 Main Functions of Blood: • Transportation • Protection • Regulation • Blood is a connective tissue in liquid form • Greatest benefit from homeostasis: • Continuous flow of blood thru 60,000 miles of blood vessels

21. TRANSPORTATION: • Blood moves thru body where cells receive: • Nutrients from digestive organs • Oxygen from lungs • Hormones secreted from endocrine gland • Cells give blood waste • (CO2, urea & uric acid) & their secretions

22. Protection: • From harmful microorganism & their toxins • Through Phagocytic white blood cells • Specialized proteins called Antibodies • Against fluid loss after an injury by clotting

23. Figure This figure highlights some of the major acute (short-term) effects on the body during exercise. Regulation: • Regulates acid-base balance of the body fluids • By way of buffers • Neutralize potential harmful effects of: • too much CO2 • lactic acid • other compounds • Body temp. by cooling or heating parts of body • Controlled by Hypothalamus • Controls volume of blood flow to diff. areas of body

24. Properties of Blood: • Color • Volume • pH

25. COLOR • RED COLOR = • HEMOGLOBIN (PIGMENT PROTEIN) • Arterial blood the O2 molecules are chemically bound to hemoglobin • Crimson-red color • Venous blood O2 mol. are not as prevalent & blood= • Dark red color w/a slightly bluish tint • SEEN THROUGH SKIN VEINS LOOK GREENISH- BLUE but it is NOT GREEN OR BLUE

26. VOLUME • 8% OF BODY WEIGHT • Most in vessels--rest in heart • Does not vary much from day to day or year to year • Avg. Male = • 5-6 liters of blood • Avg. Female = • 4-5 liters of blood • Difference due to avg body weight not sex Apx. 8 pints

27. Blood is thicker, denser, & more adhesive than H2O • Due to formed elements (red blood cells) • Causes blood to flow 5x slower than H2O • Resistance to flow = viscosity • Blood is a viscous substance b/c it resists flow more than water Figure The shear rate dependence of normal human blood viscoelasticity at 2 Hz and 22 °C.

28. pH • Slightly alkaline (aka: basic) • pH = 7.35-7.45 • Range stays small despite change in: • Diet • Cell secretions • Metabolic rateby buffering systems that remove h+ ions • If buffers fail: • BLOOD TOO ACIDIC (pH below 6.0) • Body cells stop functioning • No homeostasis = Acidosis • Too little acid in blood = Alkalosis (a lot less common) • Possible complications = Arrhythmias, Coma, Electrolyte imbalance (such as hypokalemia)

29. White Blood Cells-WBC

30. 1000 RBC to 1 WBC

31. Leukocytes • Less than 1% of total blood volume • 5000 TO 10,000 in cubic mm • Any change in number… • High or low indicates a disease

32. Types: • All contain a nucleus • (unlike the RBC’s) • Can wander outside the Circ. System- Diapedesis • WBC cells differ in: • Nature of cytoplasm • Size • Shape of nucleus • Response to different staining techniques • Divided into 2 groups by cytoplasm differences: • Granulocytes • Agranulocytes STOP HERE

33. Granulocytes • Cytoplasm contains highly visible pebble-like objects, known as granules • Twice the size of RBC’s • They contain a nucleus that is split into sections called lobes • Produced in red marrow

34. Three types: • Eosinophils • Neutrophils • Basophils • Names come from the type of stain that brings out their distinguishing features • Neutral • Eosin • Basic

35. Neutrophil: • Most abundant = granulocyte • Stain pink in a neutral stain • Nucleus contains: 2 to 5 lobes • Interconnected by thin bridges • Make up about 60% of all WBC’s in a normal blood sample

36. Eosinophils: • 1 to 4% of WBC’s in a normal blood sample • Granules stain red in an acid stain that contains a dye known as eosin • Nucleus = 2 lobes

37. Eosinophils are: • Not very mobile • Not very active • Can phagocytize certain foreign particles produced by allergic reactions  • Invading parasites • Pollen grains • Mold spores

38. Basophils: • Rarest0.5% or less of WBC’s in blood • Large granules that stain blue in basic stain • Nucleus is often bent into an s-shape with 2 lobes

39. Basophils & Mast cells produce a substance called = histamine • causes swelling or inflammation • Swelling tells other WBC’s where to find the site of infection ***Mast cells reside in tissues in the body, and basophils are in the blood stream. http://link.brightcove.com/services/link/bcpid236059233/bctid347806799

40. Agranulocytes: • Contain very small amount of cytoplasmic granules • 2 types of cells  • Monocytes • Lymphocytes • Both produced in red bone marrow • Also produced by organs of lymphatic system  • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Thalamus

41. Monocyte: • Largest cells in blood • 3x larger than RBC’s • 2x larger than granulocytes • Nucleus can be round, oval, or lobed • Often occupies most of the cell volume • 3 to 8% of WBC’s in a blood sample

42. Lymphocyte: • Same size as the RBC = the smallest WBC • Nucleus is round and large • Takes up almost all of cell volume • 25-33% of WBC’s in a blood sample

43. Function: • Protection from disease • Move out of vessels = diapedesis • Once in the intestinal fluid they act like ameba, extending streams of cytoplasmic arms called = pseudopodia • To find infection they sense chemicals released by invading microorganisms & damages cells

44. Once found the WBC traps the microorganism and engulfs it = phagocytosis • The primary cells used for phagocytosis are the neutrophils & monocytes • Neutrophils are mobile & usually arrive 1st at site of infection • Monocytes are very active too, large size allows for phagocytizing whole cells & large # of bacteria www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_mXDvZQ6dU

45. When more WBC’s arrive at the site of infection they form a collection of living—dead—broken cells and plasma = pus • Not only phagocytosis to combat disease: • Highly specific proteinsproduced by the lymphocytes = • Antibodies  • These act against foreign particles and toxins that enter body • Production of antibodies = immunity http://gu.com/p/2kntv

46. Platelets: • Aka Thrombocytes • Formed elements that are fragments of complex cells • During development in red bone marrow, they are formed when a large precursor cell breaks apart • In small fragments platelets are released into blood stream for circulation

47. Larger fragments are broken down further to form more platelets • Each platelet contains: • Cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane • No nucleus but most organelles found in cytoplasm • 1/10 the size of a RBC • Shape = round or oval disk

48. 150,000 to 360,000 platelets per cubic mm in normal blood sample = less numerous than RBC • Prevention of fluid loss • Initiate the formation of blood clots • This plugs up the breaks in the blood vessel wall after an injury

49. Blood Groups ABO & Rh

50. Blood grouping is based on reaction b/t surface proteins (on RBC plasma proteins) & special plasma proteins • Agglutination = when cells clump together due to being different blood types • Death occurs due to destruction of RBC