Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850

1. Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850

3. Main Points of Interest in the 19th Century • No large scale wars in Europe • Industrialization will alter economies • Importance of the “isms” - Liberalism,Nationalism, Socialism, Communism (Marxism), Conservatisism. • Failure of Liberalism in the 1848 Revolution • Unification of Italy & Germany • Growth of overseas empires

4. The Congress of Vienna Do Congress of Vienna Activity.

5. German Confederation

8. Do the outcome of the Congress of Vienna and discover what truly happened. How close was your groups conclusions?

9. Metternich and Conservatism • Restore the nobility and monarchies to their rightful place in society. • Restore power based on legitimacy! (Based on blood lines) • Restore a BALANCE OF POWER in Europe. • Blamed lower middle-class for stirring up the lower classes.

10. Carlsbad Decrees Established the Carlsbad Decrees – (root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers within the German Confederation. (Spies were even organized)

11. Liberalism Main concepts • Liberty & Equality • Representative Government • Equality before the Law - Not legally separate classes. • Specific individual Freedoms; Press, Speech, Assembly & from Arbitrary Arrest.

12. TheRevolutionsOf 1830-1848 “The Springtime of Peoples”

13. Pre-1848 Causes: Long-Term • Industrialization • Economic challenges to rulers. • Rapid urbanization. • Challenges to the artisan class. • Population doubled in the 18c • Food supply problems  Malthus • Ideological Challenges • Liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism. • Romanticism • Repressive Measures • Carlsbad Decrees [Prus.] • Six Acts [Eng.] • Secret police created in many European states.

14. Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Term • Agricultural Crises • Poor cereal harvests • prices rose 60% in one year. • Potato blight  Ireland • Prices rose 135% for food in one year! • Financial Crises • Investment bubbles burst • Unemployment increased rapidly [esp. among the artisan class]. Working & middle classes are now joined in misery as are the urban and agricultural peasantry!

15. Sights of Revolutions through out Europe (1830 & 1848)

16. France After Napoleon Louis kept all executive powers, controlled lawmaking, and influenced the legislature. Tried to blend the Old Regime, with the Revolutionary period. Louis XVIII was put on the throne and est. “Constitutional Monarchy”

17. France After Napoleon July Revolution (1830) Charles X (Louis’s brother) was a die hard conservative. Wanted to re-establish the Old Order. He stripped wealthy middle class of its voting rights, and censored the press. The notables (wealthy) had won. Printers, journalists, artisans, and small traders (middle class) led the revolt and Charles abdicated.

18. Louis Phillipe (1830-1848) “King of the French People”, did little to expand the vote. Went from 100,000 to 170,000. (The wealthy still in charge!) Economic crisis and romantic impulse led to the revolution of 1848.

19. France’s Second RepublicRevolution of 1848 The peasants, the artisans, and the unskilled workers wanted a democratic republic Worsening depression allowed the Socialists to take control and start national workshops within France. Gave the vote to all adult males, abolished slavery, abolished the death penalty, and est. a 10 hour work day.

20. Alexis de Tocqueville A Rep Socialist predicted the overthrow of Louis Phillipe and believed that gov’t should plan the economy, help the poor, and provide means to those who need it. Middle and upper classes along with the peasants were frightened of this thought because it could mean taking what little they have gained.

21. President Louis Napoleon • The December election: • This was a big shift in middleclass opinion to the right! • The First President: • Purged the govt. of all radical officials. • Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections. • Represented himself as a “Man of the People.” • His government regularly used forced against dissenters.

22. The “Three Germanies”

23. Why did the 1848 Revolutions Fail? • They failed to attract popular support from the working classes. • The middle classes led these revolutions, but as they turned radical, the middle class held back. • Nationalism divided more than united. • Some gains lasted [abolition of serfdom, etc.] • BUT, in the long term, most liberal gains would be solidified by the end of the 19c: • The unification of Germany and Italy. • The collapse of the Hapsburg Empire at the end of World War I.

24. French Revolutions of 1830 -1848 Read the documents; Revolutions of 1830-1848 to get a better understanding. (All notes are outlined in the readings)

25. Nationalism • Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation-that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history.

26. Nationality A belief in common ethnic ancestry One dialect chosen as the “national language” Language A shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideals) Culture History A common past; common experiences Religion A religion shared by all or most of the people A certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; its land (Fatherland; Motherland) Territory Defends its nations territories and its way of life; represents the nation to the rest of the world. Nation-State

28. Nationalism Negative side of nationalism was the people became a bit xenophobic; “we” and “they”. Everyone saw the others as being oppressors and inferior to their own people. Early nationalists believed that every nation had a right to exist in liberty, in fact, in order for one nation to be truly independent, all must be.

29. Nationalism in the Austrian Empire Austria is the most multi-cultured empire in Europe. Thanks to nationalism people felt they needed an autonomous self-governed gov’t. When Ferdinand I abolished serfdom the peasants gained freedom and felt they had won a major victory. The momentum subsided. Hungary led a movement to a unified, autonomous nation. Had to be taken and conquered by the Austrians and Russians.

30. Greece In 1827, G.B., France, and Russia responded and demanded Turkey accept Greece’s independence, Turkey said no; so 3 navies destroyed Turkish fleet. This independent movement was led by Alexander Ypsilanti in a secret society that led to revolt in 1821. Nationalism inspired Greece to want their independence back from the Ottoman Empire. Greece declared independence in 1830, German prince installed as king in 1832.

31. French Utopian Socialism Ideals 1. French thinkers were disturbed by what they saw as selfish individualism caused by laissez-faire economies and liberalism 2. Argued that the gov’t should rationally organize economy and not encourage competition. 3. Shared intense desire to help the poor and protect them from the rich. 4. Wanted to abolish private property and replaced by state or community ownership.

32. French Utopian Socialism Thinkers Charles Fourier (1772-1837) critic of capitalism, wanted communal living in which everything is self-sufficient. Argued marriage is a form of prostitution. Free Love! (What a hippy) Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) wanted gov’t to organize public work projects and establish investment banks. Saw the key to progress to industry was its use for good, not profit Louis Blanc (1811-1882) Urged workers to agitate for universal suffrage and to take control of state peacefully. Wanted gov’t to establish factories and guarantee employment.

33. Marxist Socialism 1848 Marx and Engels publish the Communist Manifesto, bible of Socialism “history of all previously existing society is the history of class struggles” Marx’s theory was built on the teachings of German philosopher, Georg Hegal. Hegal argued that history is “ideas in motion” Each age has its own purpose.

34. Great Britain Corn Laws: revised in 1815. Blocked import of cheap grain from Eastern Europe unless price of corn rose to 80 shillings per quarter. This meant that landed aristocracy could continue to make the poor pay huge prices for grain because cheap grain could not be imported. 18th century G.B. very stable; however still class conscious and only 6% of population could vote.

35. Great Britain’s Reform • 1847 - 10 Hours Act • People’s Charter of 1848; Chartist Movement – demanded universal male suffrage. (Middle Class) • Irish not so lucky. Potato crops failed in 1846, 1848, and 1851. Widespread suffering, social upheaval, loss of population was staggering. Many emigrated to U.S. and G.B.

37. By the 1830s, there were two schools of painting (especially in France): • The Neoclassical School (Jean-Louis David) • The Romantics (Delacroix) • Painters often swapped elements of each school (a neoclassical idea painted in a romantic way or vice versa).

38. Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798-1863) • Color and light emphasized over line. • Urged young painters to study Rubens. • Purpose of art is "not to imitate nature but to strike the imagination." • Literary themes. • Used color to create energy, which he compared to music. • Halftones derived from juxtaposing that color and its complement (i.e. purple and yellow), not from darkening a color. • Long brushstrokes.

39. Delacroix Massacre at Chios Delacroix - Liberty Leading the People Delacroix - Death at Sardanapal

40. The French Neoclassicists Jacques-Louis David Antoine-Jean Gros Jacques-Louis David • Virtual dictator of European painting from 1800-1820. • No matter how revolutionary the subject, used traditional, neoclassical techniques. • Stressed line, form, perspective.

41. David Napoleon Crossing Saint Bernard David Death of Marat David - Coronation of Napoleon David; Death of Socrates

42. Antoine-Jean Gros (French, 1791-1824) • Moved away from the ideas of his teacher, Jacques-Louis David. • Followed the more emotional style of Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens. • Still Neoclassical at heart. • Series of battle paintings glorifying Napoleon.

43. Gros Napoleon at Arcole Bridge, Nov. 17, 1796 Gros - Napoleon on the Battlefield Gros - Napoleon in the Pesthouse

44. Géricault - The Raft of the Medusa

45. Caspar David Friedrich (German, 1774-1840) • Melancholy and symbolic landscapes. • Used light to unify the mood of his landscapes and other works. • Mystical attitude toward nature (God found in nature). • Used triangular shapes to depict his images

46. Friederick Wanderer above the Sea of Fog Friedrich - Polar Sea Friedrich - The Cross on the Mountain

47. John Constable (English, 1776-1837) • Took painting out of the studio and into the country. • Studied and painted from nature. • Landscapes that stressed color and light more than purity of line. • Influence on Delacroix and Impressionism.

48. Constable Lock at Deadham Constable - Leaping Horse

49. Francisco Goya (Spanish, 1746-1828) • "First of the moderns” • Transitional figure between Neoclassicism and Romanticism. • Warm and passionate. • Court painter to Spanish king Charles III. • Sense of outrage and rebellion, social conscience.

50. Goya Maria Teresa de Bourbon Goya Group on a Balcony Goya - The Third of May It is said that he made the preliminary sketches of this painting in the blood of executed Spanish patriots.