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1. On the search for measurements for genuine creativity as basis of a sustainable development in humanities and arts, in human life and well-being: indirect indicatorsJosephine Papstscientific director and presidenti n d e x i c a l sCentre of transdisciplinarycognitive and state-system sciencesRechbauerstrasse 7 A-8010 Grazwww.indexicals.ac.at International Conference on Indicators and Survey MethodologyDepartment of Statistics and Probability Theory Vienna University of Technology, Austria February 24-26, 2010

2. Content 1. The two most elementary questions: What kinds of approaches are available in order to define appropriate indicators to improve the measurements of innovation and of sustainability in societies? What are the kinds of problems we are faced with? 2. On the ideological turn at the beginning of the 21st-century: From sciences via applied sciences to new scientifically justified ideologies 3. On the narrow limits of the traditional direct indicators to measure achievements in humanities, arts, and well-being in human life 4. What matters? Identity of a person over time and genuine creativity– indirect indicators 5. Conclusions search for indirect indicators

3. The two most elementary questions: • What kinds of approaches are available in order to define appropriate indicators to improve the measurements of innovation and of sustainability in societies? • What are the kinds of problems we are faced with? • Political-historical approach to reconstruct and to understand the social and political motivations for the establishment of schemata and indicators of measurements of innovation and, in this sense, of the development of economic growth at the global and national levels, namely „The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities“ – and all the following FRASCATI-Family Manuals. • The applied-sciences approach concerning the definition of the appropriate tools and a somehow scientific justification of the global enterprise: (i) Economics that is interested in economic growth at the global level. (ii) Mathematics, deductive and inductive logics, probability theories, and statistics as tools to be able to handle indicators in terms of countables within complex structures to present the status quo and to produce predictions. (iii) International and supranational law in order to be able to implement the new established institutional structures in the societies at the global and national levels. (iv) Furterhmore: Theory of science, sociology, social and personal psycholgoy, cognitive sciences, artifical intelligence (also highly demanded by the military forces), ethics, and others. What are these arrows good for? search for indirect indicators

4. What is the relationship between political systems and sciences at particular times? then then before before holocaust now now holocaust holocaust holocaust after after Institutional systems and institutions of power, politics, law, and administration or public management Institutional systems of sciences, institutions of science, and scientists Is the quest for scientific rationality new? Or was it also part of the holocaust-human behaviour? This draft gives a first answer and an insight into the problems we are faced with. search for indirect indicators

5. 2. On theideological turn at the beginning of the 21st-century and the better future prophecy: From sciences via applied sciences to new scientifically justified ideologies First question: What signifies this ideological turn? Answer: Rejection of the existential basis of human beings and functionalizing them for institutional purposes; rejection of freedom of sciences and arts, and conscience in sciences and education; institutional malpractice in terms of the use of repressive means and fraud. (Compare also the new project on Institutional Corruption at the Harvard University directed by Lawrence Lessig; http://www.ethics.harvard.edu/lab ) Second question: Who are the autors, advocators and promotors of this ideological turn? Answer: The homo academicus in Humanities, Social Sciences, and Legal Studies – the so-called services sciences. Instead of providing distinctive and qualitative works according to criteria of scientific reliability that corresponds immamently to reality and of awareness of the limits, works are produced in theory and in practice that ground on the behaviour of so-called statistical average persons, sub-societies, and societies. Third question: Could this now ongoing ideological turn cause serious problems for contemporarily living human beings and for future generations? Answer: Yes, it does in fact; as concrete examples show. in You see! Humanities policies and societies. search for indirect indicators

6. Fourth question: Which condidtions favoured theideological turn at the beginning of the 21st-century? Answer: In practice a complexity of conditions at the individual and institutional level, and in theory by the scientists and the scientific institutions who produced ad hoc justifications and ways to implement theideological turn in institutions of science and research and in societies. Fifth question: What are the methodological features of theideological turn at the beginning of the 21st-century? Answer: The most obvious features are: (a) The shiftfrom independent scientists in sciences and humanities to dependent scientists, and from independent sciences – methodologically characterized by the demand for immanent truth and reliability – to dependent and applied sciences and to the market-orientated applied sciences (H. Novotny’s loved 2nd scientific mode). (b) The shiftfrom applied market-orientated sciencesto scientifically justified ideologies. (Papst, J. (2006) Sciences and education without freedom of science and freedom of conscience are not sciences and education at all; in: New Bearings in Higher Education, ed. by K. J. McGinley, Istanbul: Fatih University Press, pp. 130- 142.) (c) The shift of standards of qualification of university students. “At one time, the thesis defense served the rigorous function of determining whether students received their doctoral degrees. Recently, however, it has become more of a final initiation rite.” (Grinnell, F.(1992) The Scientific Attitude, New York, London: The Guilford Press, p. 68.) search for indirect indicators

7. Sixth question: Is there political support of theideological turnand even a demand for this turn? Answer: Yes, there is a high potential of political support at the national Austrian level as well as the European and global level. Here, I quote one demand for his follower formulated in December 2009 by the leaving Austrian Minister of science Johannes Hahn: „Sie oder er muss Hirnschmalz mitbringen, Nüsse knacken können, die Kirschen gerecht verteilen, Brösel vermeiden …“ (Der Standard, 24./25./26./27. Dez. 2009, S. 8.) In short: As follower he wishes a person who avoids „Brösel“ (engl.: crumbs), what means genuine and independent research in the public as well as in the private sector – the latter does in fact very rarely exist here – should be avoided by the future Minister of science. As examples in the Austrian reality of scientific research show: In the case that independent scientists cannot be convinced by money and all the other honours available at universities, repressive means should become used to expunge those individuals and their succession; such means include financial damage, if not enough defamation, libel, and all the very good means used by former reactionary and totalitarian political systems. Yet, this demand for a complete strategic planning and controll simply mirrors the demand formulated by the Austrian Science Board in November 2009. Oh! What suprising news? search for indirect indicators

8. According to the the Austrian Science Board it is controll of scientific content via financial support of public and private scientific institutions. Small and private units are very hardly to subdue and, therefore, they may be able to resist against necessary influence. A quote: „Privat finanzierte Forschungseinrichtungen bewegen sich außerhalb einer unmittelbaren staatlichen Verantwortlichkeit [responsability here means to be under control of the public administration] … im Wege der Forschungsförderung … können vorhandene Strukturen, inhaltliche Schwerpunkte und Forschungskapazitäten auch der privaten Einrichtungen maßgeblich beeinflusst werden.“ (Austrian Scientific Board (November 2009) Universität Österreich 2025 – Analysen und Empfehlungen zur Entwicklung des österreichischen Hochschul- und Wissenschaftssystems, S. 213f.) For the justification of the whole paper mentioned above the Austrian Science Board refers to so-called international trends and it is very interesting that they are not able to mention at least one concrete reference. I quote: „International gesehen geht der allgemeine Trend in Richtung größerer Einrichtungen, was nicht zuletzt auch durch Teilnahmekriterien an vielen Förderprogrammen der EU bestärkt wird.“ In short: Controll by money is based on particular economic modells and on particular conceptions of human beings or persons. Therfore: What are these? Nothing to add! search for indirect indicators

9. Before I continue with a brief outline of some particular economic models and the corresponding particular conceptions of human beings or persons, who may become engaged in such large scaled scientific research units, an example of an advertisment for scientific jobs within an EU-supported network should be quoted: „The … network will provide a cohesive, but flexible framework for the training and professional development of researchers in the early stages of their research career, contributing to achieve a critical mass of qualified researchers, and to overcome institutional and disciplinary boundaries, by the promotion of multidisciplinary research.” Have in mind that contemporarily qualified researchers are those, who have simply incorporated the mainstream jargon of a discipline or even multi- or trans-discipline: Qualification is adjustment to the particular jargon and the reproduction of this jargon by using the schemata and the scientific dogmas of the research field. The critical mass of qualified researchers can be defined as the pool of people using and reproducing the same jargon, the same schemata, and dogmas. The individual researcher does not exist and is, therefore, not responsible for what she or he is reproducing as long as she or he functions as a particle within the critical mass. The birth of the critical-mass-researcher took place! search for indirect indicators

10. 3. On the narrow limits of the traditional direct indicators to measure achievements in humanities, arts, and well-being in human life • Political-historical dimension: 1963 in Frascati: The very important and good start of defining „Science and Technology Indicators“ in order to develop statistical methodologies for the analysis of mass phenomena by the OECD working group NESTI. (National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators) • The applied-science dimension or the pragmatic dimension: The challenge to generate the appropriate tools from the sciences. particular economic modelsparticular conceptions of human beings or persons. In b e t w e e n a n d in the background ? search for indirect indicators

11. The basic technical tools for NESTI are • Statistics and probability theories (basic research – theory of science – Philosophy of science) • used • within the contemporary political and social realities that change dynamically over time and in very different ways in different parts of the world. • In practice the challenge is to get the changing features that do not enter the formal procedure eo ipso, and are, therefore, to grap. The change of the entities that enter the formal procedures concerns the underlying ontological problem. • From basic research in statistics and probability theory we know very well that the formal construction is not a problem, however, the formal construction does not solve the problem of Gültigkeit – validity. (Carnap, R. (1959) Induktive Logik und Wahrscheinlichkeit,bearbeitet von W. Stegmüller, Wien: Springer; especially Chapter III: Die Anwendung der induktiven Logik, pp. 95-133. Stegmüller, W (1980) Neue Wege der Wissenschaftsphilosophie, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; especially Chapter V: Ein kombinierter Zugang zum Verständnis der Theoriendynamik, pp. 136-174; here especially Point 3: Zur dreifachen Unterscheidung zwischen Theorien, empirischen Behauptungen und Theorien und dem Verfügen über Theorien, pp. 144-147. search for indirect indicators

12. The basic entities to be measured by the defined indicators of developement and innovation are new patents in the various fields, entities that establish Intellectual Property Rights, technologies of the information society, human resources for sciences and technologies, the classification of professions, economic balance parameter, and other entities. • To develop schemata for the classification of the various professions in all fields micro- and macro-economic models were to consult as well as conceptions of the human being. • In the practical reality the economic exchange societywas taken as the source of the entities measured by the indicators of science and technology: Everything that can be bought or sold. In the case that an entity does not classify under an object, it can be classified under a service. What do humanities – including education – and arts produce? Do they classify simply as services? The important point is that the conception of the human being was that of the homo economicus. The homo economicus pursues his self-interest, understood aseconomic interest.His interest can be defined in terms of economic advantage. An appropriate analyses of the homo economicuscan be found in the parable of the „poor man‘s son“.(Smith, A. (2001) The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Glasgow Edition, edited by D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie. Oxford: Oxford University Press [1759]. Gerschlager, C. (2007) Identity and Foolishness: Amartya Sen and Adam Smith.Paper presented at the “Twelfth World Congress of Social Economics, Social Values and Economic Life”, University of Amsterdam, June 8th – 10th, 2007. search for indirect indicators

13. The narrow limits of the traditional direct indicators to measure achievements in humanities, arts, and well-being in human life are drawn from the economic models in use and the conception of the human being as homo economicus. In short: The homo economicus appears in the paradoxical shape of the “poor man’s son” or in a contemporary description as the “transmodern subject”.(For a characterisation of the transmodern subject see: Papst, J. (2005) Synopsis of the conference Transdisciplinarity in Progress – Transmodernity and the Paradigm of Transdisciplinarity; http://www.indexicals.ac.at/conferencevienna05.html ) However: Human beings as having an I or a self, and are genuinely creative seem not to fit into the model of the homo economicus. For example scientists in humanities, artists, and … The basic freedoms of opinion, of science, and of art became denied in favour of economic growth. Too expensive! Sciences became services of justification, education, and entertainment. If forced into such a model, what are and what will be the consequences? Examples of results are given by the former “Planwirtschaftsmodellen” – self-fulfilling prophecy works. Yet, what the consequences of the ideological turn at the beginning of the 21st century will be, is still an open question. Future generations will show! Question: Are there indicators available to measure such consequences now? search for indirect indicators

14. 4. What matters? Identity of a person over time and genuine creativity – indirect indicators As an introduction to one of the most difficult themes concerning human beings, I use a short story formulated by the philosopher Thomas Nagel: “One summer more than ten years ago, when I taught at Princeton, a large spider appeared in the urinal of the men's room in 1879 Hall, a building that houses the Philosophy Department. When the urinal wasn't in use, he would perch on the metal drain at its base, and when it was, he would try to scramble out of the way, sometimes managing to climb an inch or two up the porcelain wall at a point that wasn't too wet. But sometimes he was caught, tumbled and drenched by the flushing torrent. He didn't seem to like it, and always got out of the way if he could. But it was a floor-length urinal with a sunken base and a smooth overhanging lip: he was below floor level and couldn't get out. Somehow he survived, presumably feeding on tiny insects attracted to the site, and was still there when the fall term began. The urinal must‘ have been used more than a hundred times a day, and always it was the same desperate scramble to get out of the way. His life seemed miserable and exhausting. Gradually our encounters began to oppress me. Of course it might be his natural habitat, but because he was trapped by the smooth porcelain overhang, there was no way for him to get out even if he wanted to, and no way to tell whether he wanted to. None of the other regulars did anything to alter the situation, but as the months wore on and fall turned to winter I arrived with much uncertainty and hesitation at the decision to liberate him. I reflected that if he didn't like it on the outside, or didn't find enough to eat, he could easily go back. So one day toward the end of the term I took a paper towel from the wall dispenser and extended it to him. His legs grasped the end of the towel and I lifted him out and deposited him on the tile floor. He just sat there, not moving a muscle. I nudged him slightly with the towel, but nothing happened. I pushed him an inch or two along the tiles, right next to the urinal, but he still didn't respond. He seemed to be paralyzed. I felt uneasy but thought that if he didn't want to stay on the tiles when he came to, a few steps would put him back. Meanwhile he was close to the wall and not in danger of being trodden on. I left, but when I came back two hours later he hadn't moved. The next day I found him in the same place, his legs shriveled in that way characteristic of dead spiders. His corpse stayed there for a week, until they finally swept the floor. It illustrates the hazards of combining perspectives that are radically distinct. Those hazards take many forms; in this final chapter I shall describe some that arise in connection with our attitude toward our own lives.” (Nagel, Th. (1986) The view from nowhere,New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press; quote from Chapter XI: Birth, Death, and the Meaning of Life, pp. 208f.) search for indirect indicators

15. The difficulties to investigate the problem of the identity of a person over time and, if denied, the damages from this denial, are caused by the fact that we enter a self-fulfilling-prophecy-circle, when denied. However, there are ontological investigations, semantic investigations, investigations of the creative mind, and existential aspect available. Here, I can refer to some of my works. (Papst, J. (1993) Können wir in den eigentlich interessanten Situationen eine Regel nur privatim anwenden?; Beiträge der  Osterreichischen Ludwig Wittgenstein Gesellschaft; Philosophie und die kognitiven Wissenschaften; ed. by Roberto Casati und Graham White; Proceedings des XVI. Internationalen Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposiums, Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria, 395-401. Papst, J. (1995) Understanding, Following a Rule and Creativity. Paper given at the New Bulgarian University (forthcoming.) Papst, J. (1996) Indexicality as the basis of the subsymbolic-refexivestructure of the mind. Dissertation.) Papst, J. (2005) Genuine intentions, the self, and following a rule; Opening lecture of the indexicals-Conference „Transmodernity and the paradigm of transdisziplinarity“; Conference within the frame of Innovation and Reproduction in Cultures and Societies, Vienna, December 8th – 11th, 2005; forthcoming, http://www.indexicals.ac.at/conferencevienna05.html .See also http://www.inst.at/irics/sektionen_n-s/papst.htm And to my works in progress. Identity of a person over time matters and cannot become replaced by survival or an funcational account of persons! Here, my historical works are concerned with a re-evaluation of René Descartes‘ works and the French Moralists. search for indirect indicators

16. An example from economic studies from another part of the world can be provided by the transdisciplinary economist and bearer of the Alternative Nobel Prize 1983, Manfred Max-Neef, who developed bar-foot economics and in connection with his approach in economics the „Human Scale Development“. (See references to M. Max-Neef in the list of references attached to my abstract.) Different to the Maslo strictly hierarchical model of human needs, Max-Neef‘s „Human Scale Development“ contains carefully worked out distinctions and includes in the skale also the notion of the identiy of a person over time, although it is not worked out clearly enough. (See also the contribution by Max-Neef, M. (2005) The negation of identity as a condition for neo-classical economics, in the indexicals-Conference „Transmodernity and the paradigm of transdisziplinarity“; Conference within the frame of Innovation and Reproduction in Cultures and Societies, Vienna, December 8th – 11th, 2005; forthcoming, http://www.indexicals.ac.at/conferencevienna05.html .See also http://www.inst.at/irics/sektionen_n-s/papst.htm . Other examples from socio-economic studies can provide an insight by analogy, because the living circles of at least some natural environments are shorter than human lifetimes are; yet, these examples can be taken only as analogies: Elenor Ostrom‘s research work about the sustainable development in small communities. She shows that these socio-ecological systems became destructed after efforts of standardisation by public authorities. (See references to E. Ostrom‘s works in the list of references attached to my abstract.) search for indirect indicators

17. Thesis: The genuinely creative mind presupposes at the individual level the identity over time a a person – the existential ground of human beings. To measure this implicit feature of the human genuinely creative mind, indirect indicators are to be found and defined. And it seems that the indicators can only become derived from the damages of the denial of the identity over time or the existential ground of a human being. Therefore, these are indirect indicators. Identity of a person over time and the damages from its denial are highly important topics. However, contemporarily the so-called scientific research used by social and legal institutions in power go into the direction to deny exactly this elementary existential component in human life. All the indicators and statistical data cannot contain their interpretation. Interpretation is the ideological part of the use of indicators and statistical data in everyday governmental or political use. The question arises: Where does standardisation or putting-under-rules provide a sustainable advantage and where does it cause irreversible damages for individual persons, for societies, and for future generations? This is the problem caused by the indicators of sustainable development based on thehomo economicus conception of the human being. search for indirect indicators

18. I provide some examples for this political feature of the ideological turn at the beginning of the 21st century that isalso a result of political power from the end of the 20th century at the global level : The United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization provides documents that name always the freedoms of sciences and arts, but at the same time deny these freedoms in favour of providing so-called artists with the “economic advantages pertaining to the status of workers.” “Further recognizing that the cultural, technological, economic, social and political development of society influences the status of the artist and that is consequently necessary to review his status, taking account of social progress in the world,”(The General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, meeting form 23 – 28 October 1980 in its twenty-first session.) “Hingewiesen sei ferner darauf, dass sich die Rolle des Künstlers verändert hat und sich weiterhin verändern wird. Wie viele Studien belegen, unterscheidet sich das professionelle Leben in der Kunst heute wesentlich von dem früherer Generationen. So geht es z.B. gegenüber einer früheren Genieauffassung und einer sich an ihr orientierenden Ausbildung zunehmend um die Etablierung akzeptierter Standards und geteilter Erwartungen in der Ausbildung. Doch auch hier sind es zumeist externe Definitionen, die sich von den Eigendefinitionen of erheblich unterscheiden. Schließlich geht es darum, was heute unter Kunst zu verstehen ist und was den Kern der Kunstuniversitäten ausmachen soll.” (Austrian Science Board (Mai 2009) Empfehlungen zur Entwicklung der Kunstuniversitäten in Österreich, S. 79.) = Demand for strict norms in arts and higher education in arts because of economic reasons; creative economic needs entertainment services and decorations services. Not arts! Q. e. d. search for indirect indicators

19. 5. Conclusions In order to define appropriate indicators for measurements for genuine creativity as basis of a sustainable development in humanities and arts, in human life and well-being the ontological problem is the most difficult one and remains. Only indirect indicators from damages are available! Regulation in terms of standardisation in education, sciences, and artsmay cause damages concerning our genuine creatitive capacities, as long as we are human beings and not some kind of zobies. – To construct a wall, where freedoms of opinion and freedom of conscience are demanded, might be ecomomically successful at the short run, but destructive at the long run. Programmes in sciences, research, and arts carried out only strategically do bring about „various kinds of deaths“, metaphorically speaking. At the long run a society destroys itself, because it annul its own genuine creative capacities. Unfortunately indirect indicators are only available via the damages caused by mistaken strategies! = work in progress and a prevention model. The better future view and the better future prophecies based on economic growth and the homo economicus may not have that happy end. search for indirect indicators

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