CH. 7 SPORT IN THE ANCIENT WORLD AND OUR EUROPEAN HERITAGE

1. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. CH. 7 SPORT IN THE ANCIENT WORLD AND OUR EUROPEAN HERITAGE

2. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. EARLY CULTURES Egypt (prehistoric � 332 B.C.) Warriors trained for hunting� Dancing was valued in religion China 1500 B.C. (prehistoric � 1200 A.D.) Only the military class valued physical development Literary studies & moral and religious training were valued most India 300 B.C. (prehistoric � 500 A.D.) Yoga, a system of meditation and regulated breathing Hinduism advocated asceticism EGYPT:WARRIORS TRAINED FOR HUNTING, CHARIOTEERING, WARFARE, AND WRESTLING. PEOPLE OF ALL CLASSES SWAM, HUNTED, AND PLAYED BALL GAMES. DANCING LIKE WRESTLING WAS A FORM OF ENTERTAINMENT. CHINA: MILITARY PARTICIPATED ARCHERY, BOXING, CHARIOT RACING, FOOTBALL, AND WRESTLING.EGYPT:WARRIORS TRAINED FOR HUNTING, CHARIOTEERING, WARFARE, AND WRESTLING. PEOPLE OF ALL CLASSES SWAM, HUNTED, AND PLAYED BALL GAMES. DANCING LIKE WRESTLING WAS A FORM OF ENTERTAINMENT. CHINA: MILITARY PARTICIPATED ARCHERY, BOXING, CHARIOT RACING, FOOTBALL, AND WRESTLING.

3. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Egyptians, Chinese, and Indians engaged minimally in physical activities. The Greeks were really the first civilization to openly stress physical prowess. Greeks also had the earliest recorded athletic or sports activities. This progressive society evolved through four eras:

4. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. The Homeric era � prehistoric to 776 B.C. (first recorded Olympic Games) The Spartans The Early Athenians The Late Athenians

5. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. HOMERIC ERA (prehistoric time to 776 B.C.) Homeric era named for Greek poet Homer, who wrote the Iliad, and Odyssey which included the earliest records of athletic competitions. The philosophy that developed was known as the �Greek Ideal� which stressed the �man of action� and the �man of wisdom�. This all-around mental, moral, and physical excellence was called ARETE and was believed to be personified by the Greek gods.

6. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. SPARTAN ERA Greeks had 2 small government units known as city-states, Sparta & Athens. Boys if strong at birth were spared, if not were left outside to die. State controlled life and education Girls were trained at home in gymnastics�to bear healthy children Boys were raised at home until age 7 and trained by mothers.

7. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Ages 7-20, males stayed in barracks training for military; discipline was severe. Ages 20-30, were in the military. At 30 males became citizens and married. 30-50, males trained boys. Narrow-minded society, focus only on physical prowess and not on intellectual development. The Olympic Games were dominated by the Spartans during this time. Spartans never multiplied because of strict practices, which led to the end of their domination.

8. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. EARLY ATHENIAN ERA Athens totally different that Sparta Greek Ideal became the Athenian Ideal to develop boys for both physical and mental abilities. Lower class boys were as uneducated as girls because fathers had to pay for education Girls stayed at home and received no training, once married lived secluded.

9. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Upper Class Boys from 7 to 14-18 formally educated at private schools. 2 schools, for arithmetic, lit. and music and the other for physical training. The Palaestra was for physical training, sometimes called a wrestling school (the teacher was called a paidotribe) Practiced wrestling, boxing, jumping, and dancing.

10. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Males could become citizens at 18 years. Between ages 18-20, males were subject to military service (always had to be ready for war). After 20 did not work but spent their days at the �gymnasium� to stay ready for war, but also learned intellectual education.

11. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. LATE ATHENIAN ERA Military successes in the Persian Wars led to freedoms, individualism, and self-confidence which led to de-emphasis of physical aspects. �Golden Age� (443 B.C. to 429 B.C.)�cultural explosion as Man of Wisdom was stressed and Man of Action ignored Loss of interest in physical development Decline of Athenian military interest and involvement (no longer soldiers) and therefore conquered by the Macedonians in 338 B.C.

12. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PAN-HELLENIC FESTIVALS Pan-Hellenic � �for all Greeks� festivals. OLYMPIC GAMES greatest contest of all. Held every 4 years at Olympia, in honor of Zeus, the chief Greek god. (776 B.C. to 400 B.C.) Lasting 5 days. Athletes had to be male, and Greek born and not a slave. Required to train for 10 months. Had to take an oath of fair play, and received an olive wreath to the winners. Women were usually not allowed because men competed in the nude. See P. 214

13. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. EVENTS OF OLYMPICS Stade Race � footraces, first Olympics, the length of the stadium. Wrestling�the winner must throw his opponent to the ground twice before being thrown twice Boxing Chariot racing Horse racing Pancratium�combination of boxing and wrestling (loser had to give up)

14. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. PENTATHLON�Winner, all-around athlete (708 B.C.) Race of 1 or 2 stades Javelin�8-10 feet to test both distance and form Long jump Discus�using 1-foot diameter and 4-5 pound stone thrown from a fixed position Wrestling�always the deciding event

15. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Two developments ended the era of Olympic games, but not forever. Intellectual curiosity and a search for knowledge replaced the Greek Ideal for physical development. Professional athletes won expensive prizes which led to cheating, corruption, and bribery. Although Roman decree ended the Olympics approx 400 A.D. the Olympics had lost their values much earlier.

16. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. ROMAN REPUBLIC (from 500 B.C. to 27 B.C.) Moral and military training�superior to intellectual attainment Goal was to become a citizen-soldier Military camps�training for military (running, jumping, swimming, javelin, fencing, archery, riding, marching) Ages 17 to 47�could be drafted for war Roman women were more highly respected and socially active than Athenian women. Romans did not participate in athletic contests or dance, but watched gladiator contests, and chariot races.

17. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. ROMAN EMPIRE (27 B.C. to 476 A.D.) Poorer citizens from the Roman Republic eventually migrated to Rome and lived on welfare. Loss of individual freedoms; no more interest in military. Games and festivals were plenty (maybe as frequently as 250 days of the year) Staged for spectator entertainment with political overtones Professional athletes and gladiators competed for lucrative prizes Chariot races and Thermae or baths to place R.E. ended because of lack of physical dev.

18. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. Medieval Europe 500-1500 a.k.a. Middle Ages/Dark Ages After Roman Empire, church leaders spoke out against dancing and gladiatoral contests and get back into, the church and proper learning. Peasants toiled in the field, but vassals, or people who owned land trained their children. Until 7 years�training at home Page, 7 to 14 yrs. Squire, 14 to 21 yrs. Knight, 21 years During this time, no social interaction, so to fill the void, tournaments with jousting etc. Invention of gunpowder towns into trade centers

19. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. RENAISSANCE (1400-1600)REFORMATION (1500s) Intellectual development is revered Back to �Greek Ideal� of sound body/mind Protestant Reformation brought widespread religious and cultural change. (Martin Luther/John Calvin) De-emphasized physical development as a distraction from religion. Throughout Renaissance education valued for boys, but not girls.

20. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1700s) The Age of Enlightenment brought insights into how to educate a child, laying the foundation for European gymnastics programs. 2 philosophers in this era John Locke wrote about upper-class boys requires a sound mind in a sound body. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, book, Emile, stressed �naturalism�, or everything according to nature. By readying a child through nature should dictate when he�s ready for knowledge.

21. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. GERMAN GYMNASTICS 1700s Although the French were not receptive to Rousseau�s teachings the Germans were. Johann Basedow allotted 3 hrs./day to physical fitness, i.e. gymnastics, sports, games, fencing, dancing, riding, and vaulting. Johann Friedrich Simon � first physical education teacher hired to direct Basedow�s program introduced Greek gymnastics consisting of jumping, running, throwing, and wrestling.

22. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. GERMAN GYMNASTICS 1800s Friedrich Jahn � German educator believed in �NATIONALISM� rather than naturalism. Established first �turnplatz� (outdoor exercise area) where boys known as �turners� trained using balance beams, ropes and ladders, high-jumping, horizontal bars, pole vaulting etc. Jahn promoted patriotic speeches, songs, for the defense of Germany. This unified nation was viewed as threatening and banned turner gymnastics. WHY? There were still underground programs and turner gymnastics returned being legal in 1840

23. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. OTHER NATIONALISTIC PROGRAMS DANISH GYMNASTICS � first private gym in Copenhagen, the first of its kind. This first school program under government financed was the first normal school for physical education. (Where students were educated to be teachers) The program was formalized exercises on command, with no individual expression allowed. SWEDISH GYMNASTICS � mostly for military training but promoted medical, educational, and aesthetics. More soothing exercises than the German or Danish which was adopted by the U.S. See p 231 table 7-4, p. 232, and p. 233

24. � 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education All rights reserved. ENGLISH SPORTS 1800s The British Amateur Sport Ideal was �playing the game for the game�s sake� (not for monetary gain) This influenced Frenchman PIERRE DE COUBERTIN, who founded the modern Olympic Games in 1896. This movement was for upper class boys Cricket, rowing , soccer, t & f, rugby, and field hockey became popular at Oxford and Cambridge Universities despite faculty disfavor. British sports and games with emphasis on morals values laid the foundation for PE and sport programs in the U.S.