The Hapsburgs and the Golden Age of Spain and France's Wars of Religion

1. Chapter 17 The Age of Absolutism (1550-1800)

3. The Hapsburgs • Hapsburgs started out as dukes of Austria • Will gain control of vast amounts of land through carefully arranged marriages and diplomacy • Charles V will inherit all the Hapsburg lands which will include: Spain, the Netherlands, parts of Italy, Holy Roman Empire and the Empire of the Americas • So powerful was Charles V that diplomacy changed in Europe—introduction of the idea of balance of power—no one country should have overwhelming power over other

5. Charles V Fought wars in France, Italy, Germany and against the Ottoman Turks (Muslims) Abdicated his throne in 1556 and retired Split empire between his brother, Ferdinand I (HRE and Austria)and son, Philip II (Spain, Netherlands, Empire of the Americas, parts of Italy)

6. The Golden Age of Spain • King Philip II ruled for 42 years as an absolutemonarch—complete authority over the government and lives of the people • Believed in the idea of divine right of kings which meant his right to rule came directly from God • During his reign Spain was the strongest country in Europe • Built magnificent palace, the Escorial

9. Philip II • Philip saw himself as the guardian of the Roman Catholic Church. • Led the Catholic Reformation in Spain and used Inquisition against the Moriscoes (descendants of former Muslim converts) • In 1571 defeated Ottoman navy at the Battle of Lepanto • In 1580 will take over Portugal

10. Rebellion in The Netherlands • Philip II tried to centralize power • Dutch resented Spanish influence because they felt Philip was putting Spanish interests first—taxes were high which caused economic issues (Netherlands richest part of empire) • Religious differences also caused problems (Dutch were Protestant) • Protestants (Dutch Calvinist) revolted in 1566 when Philip tried to enforce laws against Protestants

11. Dutch Rebellion The Duke of Alva (Alba) was dispatched to put down rebellion—harsh measures used Leader of the Dutch was William of Orange who used guerrilla warfare tactics Added by Elizabeth I the seven northern provinces (Dutch Netherlands) gained independence 10 southern provinces remained loyal to Spain and became the Spanish Netherlands Dutch Netherlands came out of rebellion as a powerful commercial nation

12. Spanish Armada • English Sea Dogs – pirates who attacked Spanish shipping • They were supported by Elizabeth I • The “Sea Dogs” leader was Francis Drake—second to sail around the world

13. The Spanish Armada • To end English attacks and subdue the Dutch, Philip prepared a huge armada, or fleet, to carry a Spanish invasion force to England. In 1588, the Armada sailed with more than 130 ships, 20,000 men, and 2,400 pieces of artillery. • Sea battle ensued (English ships smaller and quicker) and with the help of a storm (Protestant Wind) the Armada was defeated • Many Spanish ships destroyed on rocks of coast of Ireland • England will become dominate naval power and Spain will begin a long decline

15. Century of Gold 1550-1650 was period of great achievements in literature, painting and philosophy in Spain Famous painters include El Greco and DiegoVelazquez Cervantes—Don Quixote Spain at the height of their splendor

16. Spanish Decline ECONOMIC PROBLEMS • Costly overseas wars drained wealth out of Spain almost as fast as it came in. • Treasure from the Americas led Spain to neglect farming and commerce. • American gold and silver led to soaring inflation-Spain too dependent on New World gold

17. French Wars of Religion Henry II, King of France was killed during a jousting tournament celebrating his daughter’s marriage Catherine de Medici served as regent for her three sons who inherited the throne– Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III The Valois dynasty began to decline after Henry II’s death Political struggles tore France apart Three families fought for control—Valois, Guise(powerful Catholic noble family), and Bourbon (most powerful Protestant family)

18. Wars of Religion Violence will erupt between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist)—9 civil wars erupted between 1562-1589 onAugust 24, 1572 St. Bartholomew Day Massacre will happen—authorized by Charles IX on the advice of his mother Many powerful Huguenots were attending the wedding of Henry of Navarre and the king’s sister, Marguerite

19. Wars of Religion Violence spread to the countryside (both sides committed atrocities) War erupted between the groups wanting the throne War is called the War of the Three Henry’s Henry III (last of the Valois) allies himself with Henry of Navarre after the assassination of Henry, Duke of Guise Henry III will later be assassinated leaving Henry of Navarre to claim the throne

20. France • In 1589, a Huguenot prince inherited the French throne as Henry IV(formally Henry of Navarre) as the first Bourbonking • Crowned king of France (“Paris is well worth a mass”) after converting to Catholicism again To protect Protestants, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities.

21. France • Henry IV is assassinated • 1624 – 9 year old Louis XIII becomes king and will eventually appoint a chief minister to oversee government • Cardinal Richelieu appointed chief minister and was a Catholic cardinal • Sets out to destroy the power of the nobles and the Huguenots • Defeats the private armies of the nobles and destroys their fortified castles • Outlawed Huguenot armies and took down the walls around their cities

22. Richelieu Hapsburgs are seen as France’s greatest enemy—goal was to make France most powerful nation in Europe Richelieu supported any country or state fighting against Hapsburgs to weaken them Did not let religion interfere with political decisions

23. Louis XIV – The Sun King • 1643 – 4/5 years old Louis XIV became king of France– CardinalJulesMazarin his chief minister—Queen Anne served as regent • The Fronde(reaction to attempt of crown to raise money) erupted when Louis XIV was 9—caused Louis to not trust Parisians • 1661 – Louis XIV took over the government (72 years as king) • Louis took the sun as the symbol of his absolute power and was often quoted as saying, “I am the state.”

24. Louis XIV During his 72-year reign, Louis did not once call a meeting of the Estates General. Louis expanded the bureaucracy and appointed intendants (originally used by Richelieu), royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out Louis’s policies in the provinces. Louis created the strongest army in Europe, which he used to enforce his policies at home and abroad.

25. Louis XIV • Jean Baptiste Colbert – Finance minister • Believed in mercantilism • Cleared new farm land • Encouraged new industries • High tariffs against imports to protect home industries • Encouraged overseas colonies • Made France the wealthiest nation in Europe

26. Palace at Versailles • Louis XIV had a royal palace built just outside Paris • More than ¼ mile long • Over 700 rooms (and over 1,000 fountains) • Housed more than 10,000 people • Most famous room is the Hall of Mirrors • Decorated in baroque style—religious emotionalism, drama, and lavish decoration and frescoes

32. Classical Age of France French culture, manners, and customs became the European standard. The arts flourished in France. French style of painting, music, architecture & fashion became the model for Europe the ballet – new from France Louis XIV sponsored French Academies

33. The Wars of Louis XIV • 1685 – Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes • 100,000 Huguenots flee the country • Hurts the French economy • One king and one country • Religious unity key to political unity

34. The Wars of Louis XIV • Louis XIV expands French borders ( 4 major wars) • Other countries will form alliances to check France & maintain the balance of power • War of Spanish Succession – 1700 -1713 • Charles II (S) was born a monstrosity (Hapsburg Jaw)--last Hapsburg to rule Spain—named Louis XIV grandson heir • Philip V of Spain is Louis XIV grandson, Louis wants to join the 2 countries • 1713 – Treaty of Utrecht – France is spent physically & economically—endedthe war of Spanish Succession—PhilipV could stay on throne of Spain but thrones of France and Spain could never be ruled by same person • Britain acquired the Asiento, right to supply African slaves to Spanish America for 30 years

36. After the Sun King • 1715 Louis XIV dies • Louis XIV out lives all his sons and grandsons • Left France in economic troubles because of his many wars • 5 year old Louis XV (great-grandson) becomes king – weak ruler – ignores France’s economic problems

37. England The Tudors believed in divine right, but also recognized the value of good relations with Parliament. When he broke with the Roman Catholic Church or when he needed funds, Henry VIII consulted Parliament. Elizabeth both consulted and controlled Parliament.

38. Stuart Time Line

39. Stuart Kings • 1603 – James I takes over after the death of Elizabeth I—first of Stuart kings—believed in Divine Right When he needed funds, James I dissolved Parliament and collected taxes on his own. Also clashed with the Puritans over religion & the Church of England Had new edition of Bible written in a concession to the Puritans

40. Charles I - 1625 -1649 • Charles behaved like an absolute monarch. He imprisoned his foes without trial and squeezed the nation for money. • 1628, the need to raise taxes forced Charles to summon Parliament. Before voting any funds, Parliament insisted that Charles sign the Petition of Right (king subject to the law, king could not levy taxes without approval of Parliament, impose forced loans on his subjects, declare martial law in peacetime, imprison citizens without trial, or quarter troops in private homes) • Charles I signs, gets his money & disbands Parliament

41. Charles I - 1625 -1649 • 1640 - A revolt in Scotland forced Charles I to call Parliament • Known as the Long Parliament – lasted from 1640 to 1653

42. Charles I v. Parliament • Parliament tried and executed many of the kings chief ministers (Earl of Strafford and William Laud) & tried to abolish special royal courts • Court of Star Chamber • Court of High Commission • 1642 – Charles I led troops into Parliament to arrest its leaders – They escaped • Result: The English Civil War

43. English Civil War • Cavaliers v. Roundheads • Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell • New Model Army • Charles is captured, tried as “a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy,” and is beheaded

44. Puritan Rule After the execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the official Church of England. It declared England a republic, known as the Commonwealth, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, LordProtector as he was called Crushed a rebellion in Ireland (long lasting hatred between Catholics and Protestants)

45. Puritan Rule • Instituted strict rules in England • No theater • Banned newspapers • No dancing • No dueling • No swearing • Extremely strict about what could be done on Sundays

46. The Restoration • 1660 - Parliament invites Charles II to become king of England – The Restoration • Charles II (Merry Monarch) very careful in his dealings with Parliament • 1684 – James II becomes king with the death of his brother. Parliament is concerned because: • James raised Catholic • Appointed Catholics to high offices • Catholic wife gives birth to a son

47. The Glorious Revolution Parliament invited William and Mary to become rulers of England. When William and Mary landed in England, James II fled to France. This bloodless overthrow of a king became known as the Glorious Revolution.

49. The Glorious Revolution Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had to accept the English Bill of Rights, which: • ensured superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. • gave the House of Commons “power of the purse.” • prohibited a monarch from interfering with Parliament. • restated the rights of English citizens. The Glorious Revolution did not create democracy, but a type of government called limited monarchy, in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s powers.

50. The Glorious Revolution • Parliament also passed the Toleration Act of 1689 which granted freedom of religion to Protestants • Act of Settlement made it illegal for a Catholic to become ruler of England • 1707 Act of Union—Scotland and England united (Great Britain) • Upon the death of William III the throne went to Queen Anne youngest daughter of James II