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Explore the World of Earth Science

Explore the World of Earth Science. HESIT (SUMMER 2010). EARTH SCIENCE (VDOE –SOLs).

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Explore the World of Earth Science

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  1. Explore the World of Earth Science HESIT (SUMMER 2010) HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  2. EARTH SCIENCE (VDOE –SOLs) • The Earth Science standards connect the study of the Earth's composition, structure, processes, and history; its atmosphere, fresh water, and oceans; and its environment in space. The standards emphasize historical contributions in the development of scientific thought about the Earth and space. The standards stress the interpretation of maps, charts, tables, and profiles; the use of technology to collect, analyze, and report data; and science skills in systematic investigation. Problem solving and decision making are an integral part of the standards, especially as they relate to the costs and benefits of utilizing the Earth's resources. Major topics of study include plate tectonics, the rock cycle, Earth history, the oceans, the atmosphere, weather and climate, and the solar system and universe. • http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/standards_docs/index.shtml HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  3. Earth’s New Perspective • http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0101/es0101page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  4. Useful Websites • http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/navigation/visualization.cfm • http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/rocks_intro.html • http://edmall.gsfc.nasa.gov/aacps/unit/unit3.pdf • http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/standards_docs/science/index.shtml • http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/by_name.htm HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  5. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Solar System Concepts Astronomical Unit (AU) Scale of the Solar System Inner and Outer worlds (terrestrial and Jovian planets) Model of the Solar System Sun (Our parent Star) Physical/Chemical Properties Importance of Sun Life of our Parent star HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  6. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems The Moon Physical/Chemical Properties Phases of the Moon The Planet Earth (Our Home in Space) Position of Earth Physical/Chemical Properties of Earth Earth Compared to other planets Effects of density differences and energy transfer on activities of the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth’s interior. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  7. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems The Moon, Earth, and Sun System Rotation and Revolution Day/Night Eclipses (Lunar and Solar eclipse) Earth’s Tilt/Revolution and Season The Cause of tides The Planet Earth Atmosphere (Troposphere, Stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere) HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  8. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Earth Pattern, Cycles, and Change Idea of Cycles (Sequences of events that repeat itself) Moon, Earth, and Sun Earth through time Water Cycle Water in all three states (States of Matter) HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  9. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Plate Tectonics (Continental Drift & Sea floor spreading) Pangaea (The mother of all continents) – 200 million yrs ago Continents (Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Antarctica, and Australia) The Oceans (The Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean) Rocks Properties (hardness, color and streak, luster, cleavage, fracture) Identification of Common Rocks HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  10. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Rock Types (Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic) Igneous (intrusive and extrusive) Sedimentary (clastic and chemical) Metamorphic (foliated and unfoliated) Rock Cycles Minerals Uses of Minerals Soils HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  11. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems PART I Scale of Things Definition of Astronomy Numbers – How big is a billion? Relation of Earth Science to Astronomy Light Years (LY), Astronomical Unit (AU), Why the different units? Solar System Scale Scale in the Milky Way (100,000 LY across) 1 LY = Dist. traveled by light in a year = 6 Trillion miles (185,000 years to count the # of years in a LY) HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  12. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Question: Is the LY a unit of time or distance? What about the parsec? c = speed of light = 3.0 x 108 m/s = 186,000 mi/s Structure of the Universe Age of the Universe The Big Bang Theory Expanding Universe (Red and Blue shift – Doppler effect) Collection of Galaxies Milky Way Galaxy Collection of Stars HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  13. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Solar System Planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune. Inner Planets (Terrestrial): Mercury, Venus, Earth, & Mars Outer Planets (Jovian): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune Physical Properties: distance from the Sun, Size, density, Volume http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2701/es2701page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  14. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems The Planet Earth (Our Home in Space) Core, Mantle, Crust & Atmosphere Crust – Oceans & Continents (continental & oceanic crust) Density & Buoyancy Density of Common rock: 2000-3000 kg/m3 Density of water: 1000 kg/m3 Note: The continents made up of this rock cannot float on an interior of the Earth made of water; they would sink!!! HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  15. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems When the density of object is greater than a fluid, that object will sink in that fluid. The average ρEarth = 5500 kg/m3 ρcore = 12,000 kg/m3 ρmantle = 5000 kg/m3 ρcrust = 3000 kg/m3 ρoceans = 1000 kg/m3 ρatms. = 1 kg/m3 (Floats above the continents and oceans) The Earth has a much higher density interior than the crust, therefore, the crust floats on the higher density mantle. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  16. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems The Earth’s Atmosphere Gas Composition: NOAC Nitrogen – 78% Oxygen – 21% (Presence of oxygen, makes Earth unique) Argon – 0.9% Carbon dioxide – 0.03% Water vapor & other trace gases – rest HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  17. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Main Division of Atmosphere: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Ionosphere. Meter Stick Model (Meter stick represents the atmosphere Scale: 1 cm = 1 km On this scale, the Earth would be larger than a football field. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  18. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems 5 cm Half the atmosphere lies below this level 8 cm The tallest mountain, Mt. Everest 9 – 12 cm Cruising altitude of jet airliners 10 cm 90% of the atmosphere is below this level 15 cm Top of the troposphere, most of the weather occurs below this level 24 cm Altitude record for a jet, set by SR-71 30 cm 99% of the atmosphere is below this level 15 – 50 cm Stratosphere 20 – 50 cm Location of the ozone layer 50 – 90 cm Mesosphere 90 – 250 cm Thermosphere 200 cm Low Earth Orbit satellites and Space Shuttle HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  19. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Earth-Moon-Sun system revisited Rotation and Revolution (Difference) The motion of the Earth, Moon, and Sun (revolution and rotation) The Earth completes 1 revolution around the sun every 365 days. The moon revolves around the Earth about once every month. Eclipses: Solar and Lunar eclipse Solar eclipse: when the moon passes directly between the sun and Earth HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  20. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems A lunar eclipse: Moon moves into Earth’s shadow A lunar eclipse occurs at full moon. Suggested Class Activity: Modeling solar & Lunar Eclipse Phases of the moon: Caused by the moon’s position relative to the Earth and the sun. The phases of the moon: New, Crescent (waxing and waning), HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  21. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Gibbous (waxing and waning), Quarter (first and third), and Full moon. • Suggested Class Experiment: Model the formation of the eight moon phases, sequence the phases in order, and describe how the phases occur. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  22. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems PART II Weather and Climate What is the difference between Weather and Climate? Weather: short-term conditions of temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc., at a given location. Weather is created by energy transfer between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere. Suggested Class Experiment: Ask class to listen to the weather channel in your locality for a week. Keep weather log. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  23. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Weather factors Temperature: A measure of the amount of heat energy in the atmosphere Air pressure: Is due to the weight of the air and is determined by several factors including the temperature of the air. Fronts: the boundary between air masses of different temperature and humidity is called a front. Formation and types of clouds Cirrus, Stratus, cumulus, and cumulonimbus (thunderstorms, tornadoes) clouds are associated with certain weather conditions. http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/clouds/cloud_types.html HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  24. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Storms: Extreme atmospheric conditions create various kinds of storms such as thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Different atmospheric conditions create different types of precipitation. Reintroduce “the water cycle.” • http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Water/water_cycle.html HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  25. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems • Suggested Class Experiment: Use thermometer to compare air temperature over a period of time • Suggested Class Experiment: How to read relative humidity • Suggested Class Experiment: How to read relative humidity chart • Suggested ClassExperiment: Differentiate between cloud types – take class out to observe different types of clouds • Suggested Class Experiment: Compare and contrast the formation of different types of precipitation HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  26. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Climate means generalized or averaged weather for a given region. Major factors that affect climate: Latitude, Elevation, Proximity to bodies of water, and Position relative to mountain. Meteorology – a branch of Earth Science dealing with the study of weather and climate. Question: What drive weather and Climate? HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  27. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Answer:Energy from the Sun (Connection between Earth & Sun). In the broad sense, the intricate systems and subsystems governing weather and climate behave as a machine does. The Sun accounts for 99.9% of the energy input at Earth’s surface. The rest is provided by heat moving upward from the Earth’s interior and tidal interaction. The Earth’s atmosphere absorbs and retains heat. What is Convection (Important concept) Earth’s Troposphere – Earth’s atmosphere where convection occurs. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  28. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Convection occurs whenever cool fluid overlies warm fluid. Question: How do meteorologists predict weather patterns/conditions? Meteorologist use data to predict weather patterns (How do they collect data?) Meteorologists gather data by using a variety of weather Instruments Barometer, Hygrometer, An anemometer, Rain gauge, & thermometer. Instruments (Meteorological tools) Barometer: measures air pressure HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  29. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Experiment: Measure air pressure using a barometer, compare the humidity at different times of the day, analyze the changes in air pressure occurring over time and predict what the changes mean in terms of changing weather patterns. Working with a weather station – School project to build a weather station Hygrometer: measures moisture in the air Anemometer: measure wind speed (how fast wind is blowing) Rain Gauge: measures precipitation (rain, drizzle, hail, snow, sleet, freezing snow) Thermometer: temperature of air HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  30. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Suggested Class Experiments Measure the amount of moisture in the air using a hygrometer Measure wind speed using an anemometer Measure precipitation using a rain gauge Measure the temperature of air using a thermometer HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  31. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems • Suggested Class Project: • 1. Analyze and report information about temperature and precipitation on weather maps. • 2. Design an investigation where weather data are gathered using meteorological tools and charted to make weather predictions HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  32. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Geological Active Earth Surface Activities: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Wind/Ocean activities, crust (plate) movement, etc. Lithosphere & Asthenosphere Lithosphere: Plates of the Earth (Crust + small part of upper mantle) Lithosphere: Portion of the Earth that undergoes plate tectonics HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  33. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems Asthenosphere: part of the mantle that flows, a characteristic called plastic behavior (The Toothpaste Model) Asthenosphere: mantle convection, which plays an important role in moving lithospheric plates. Note: No drilling gear can penetrate (withstand) the pressure below a depth of about 10 km (~ 6 miles). Geologists use other techniques to probe the deep recesses of our planet. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  34. Plate Tectonics Introduction to Continents and Oceans Pangaea (The mother of all continents) – 200 million yrs ago Continents (Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Antarctica, and Australia) The Oceans (The Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean) Globe + Maps + Latitudes + Weather/Climate HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  35. Plate Tectonic • http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization • http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/interior/plate_tectonics.html HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  36. Plate Tectonic Plate Tectonics (Crust divided into Plates) Plate Movement is referred to as “Plate Tectonics” Note: The theory of plate tectonics broadly paints a unified picture of how continents drift, how oceans widen, how continents, converge, and why violent events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  37. Earthquakes and Volcanoes • Location of Plate Boundaries (Earthquakes and Volcanoes) • Note: Volcanoes are also distributed in long belts that circle the Earth. A dramatic example is known as the "Ring of Fire" because it is the site of frequent volcanic eruptions. • Types of Plate Motion • Convergent, Divergent, and transform HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  38. Features formed at plate boundaries • Example: Divergent (Plates move away from each other): The mid-Atlantic Ridge Convergent (Plates move toward each other) - Example: the Nazca Plate pushed beneath the South American Plate Oceanic-continental Oceanic – oceanic Continental - continental Transform (Plates slide past each other): Example: The San Andreas fault in California. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  39. Interaction of Earth and Space Systems HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  40. The Oceans • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/IBCAO_betamap.jpg HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  41. Atlantic Ocean HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  42. Earth’s Interior – based on chemical composition Layers of the Earth (After 4.5 Billion years of cooling) The Mantle: Minerals rich in iron, magnesium, silicon, and oxygen Crust: Rich in Oxygen, and Silicon (lesser amounts of aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and Sodium Crust: (Basalt rock – relatively dense oceanic crust and granite - lower density continental crust) HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  43. Earth’s Interior cont. • Crust – low density, thin, ~ 30 km (average) • Mantle – higher density, extends from base of crust to 2900 km • Core – highest density, mainly Fe & Ni, extends from base to mantle to center of Earth (6370 km) • Radius of Earth ~ 6400 km • Can you calculate the volume of the Earth? • What about Earth’s rotation speed? HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  44. Earth’s interior based on physical properties • Divided into five main layers • Lithosphere • Cooler temp., rigid & brittle, outermost layer, surface to about 100 km deep • Asthenosphere • Hotter, plastic, partially molten, from 100 – 700 km • Mesosphere • Plastic and rigid behavior, high pressure, 700 – 2900 km • Outer core – liquid • Inner core - rigid HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  45. Earth’s Interior http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Interior_Structure/interior.html http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/earthint_image.html&edu=elem http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/earthro2.mpeg HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  46. Earth Science ROCKS!! • http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/cycles_general.html • http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/rocks_intro.html HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  47. Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks (IR, SR, and MR) • Igneous Rocks (From Magma or molten rock) • Magma when below the Earth and Lava when above • Intrusive (Plutonic): formed below the Earth’s surface • Extrusive (Volcanic): formed above the Earth’s surface • Sedimentary Rocks (From Sediments) • ¾ of Rocks at Earth’s Surface • Preserves environmental record of when they formed • Clastic SR: from many broken bits of other rocks, Chemical SR – by chemical processes: made from mineral crystals such as halite and gypsum, Organic SR – from remains of living things: clamshells, plankton, skeletons, etc. • Metamorphic Rocks (From other rocks due to temperature & pressure) • Foliated • Non-foliated HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  48. IR, SR, & MR • http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/ig_intro.html • http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/sed_intro.html • http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/meta_intro.html • http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/hist_geotime.html HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  49. Do Rocks change over time? • Almost all of the rock that we have on Earth today is made of the same stuff as the rocks that dinosaurs and other ancient life forms walked, crawled or swam over. • While the stuff that rocks are made from has stayed the same, the rocks themselves, have not. Over time rocks are recycled into other rocks. • Moving tectonic plates are responsible for destroying and forming many different types of rocks. HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

  50. PROJECTS: • Craters (Moon & Mercury) • Telescopes • Binoculars • Sun Spot Exercise • Solar System Model • Eclipses Model (Moon, Earth, Sun System) • Seasons Model • Phases of the Moon • Ellipse • Galaxies (Hubble’s Law of recession) • Tides using charged rod to attract water HESIT 2010, Dr. Joseph Ametepe (Hollins University)

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