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Luther’s Revolution

Luther’s Revolution. Lutheranism and Protestant Reformation. Catholic Church in the 16 th Century. Spreading universities Printing press to publish bibles Popes possessing significant authority People becoming more religious Highways packed with Pilgrims

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Luther’s Revolution

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  1. Luther’s Revolution Lutheranism and Protestant Reformation

  2. Catholic Church in the 16th Century • Spreading universities • Printing press to publish bibles • Popes possessing significant authority • People becoming more religious • Highways packed with Pilgrims • Vatican amongst the worlds most beautiful sites

  3. Cries of outrage grow louder • Wealth of church • Simony • Pluralism • Clergy immortality

  4. Religious sentiments of Europeans • Pilgrimages common • Shrines believed to cure illnesses • Yet people wanted more… • Humanists condemned many practice of the church • As suffering rose so did outcry against the church • Conflicts between Religion and Politics • Erosion of confession and the rise of indulgence

  5. Indulgences • Substitute for confession and penance. • Part of the Catholic doctrine of good works • “so as soon as the coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs” • Came to be viewed as “pardons” • Sale had become big business

  6. Tetzel Controversy • Needed an agent to sell them to build the St. Peter’s Basilica. • Gave the ability to grant your ancestors freedom from their sins and removal from purgatory.

  7. St. Peters Basilica

  8. Martin Luther • Relatively obscure German professor. • Rose due to his intellectual achievements. • Preached and taught. • Successful and content on the outside, but internally tormented.

  9. Luther's Internal Struggle • “I was one who terribly feared the last judgment and who nevertheless wished with all my heart to be saved.” • He couldn’t erase his belief in his own sins • How could he liberate his own soul? • “I pondered night and day until I understood the connection between righteousness of God and the sentence “The just shall live by faith”, then I grasped that the justice of God is his righteousness by which through grace and pure mercy, God justifies us through Faith”

  10. Luther's 3 principles • Sola Fide: Justification by faith alone • Sola Scriptura: all that was needed to understand the mercy of God was contained in the Bible • All who believed in Gods righteousness were equal in God’s eyes.

  11. The 95 Theses • Luther’s scholarly response to Indulgences. • Nature of the act? • Content? • Placed him in direct conflict with the Roman Catholic Church.

  12. Luther summoned by Charles V to Worms • Ordered to recant • “I cannot and I will not retract anything, since is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise.” • Asked Charles V and the Pope to use the Bible to contradict his words…

  13. Spread of Lutheranism • Encouraged local princes to allow their subjects to practice it. • Diminished power of the papacy. • Published over 30 works that were huge best sellers. • German princes long angry with politics in Europe were the quickest to embrace it

  14. Spread of Protestantism • John Calvin • Unwilling reformer • Geneva was largely under Catholic and prince control. • The region had been exposed to Protestantism by the reformer Huldrych Zwingli

  15. Calvin’s World in the 16c

  16. Calvinism • Luther/Calvin comparison • Calvin and Paris under Francis I (at right) • An avid defender of French Huegenots (Protestants) • Predestination • “Many are called but few are chosen” “The Elect” • Puritans (congregational elect government) • “infants themselves bring their own damnation from the mothers womb” • Discounts the good works doctrine

  17. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

  18. The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

  19. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

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