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WEEK 7 RADIATION BIOLOGY PROTECTION Part 1

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WEEK 7 RADIATION BIOLOGY PROTECTION Part 1

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    1. 1 WEEK 7 RADIATION BIOLOGY & PROTECTION Part 1 FINAL

    2. 2

    3. 3 Sources of Ionizing Radiation ___________ Radiation ___________Radiation

    4. 4 Electromagnetic Spectrum – shows ranges in intensity

    5. 5 Background Radiation has been around a long time….

    6. 6

    7. 7 Radon & Uranium most common sources

    8. 8 AVE population exposure= 20 – 30 mrem/year In some places in United States average ________mrem/yr Majority due to _________ gas   Many places on earth receive more than _________ mrem/yr from radon Some natural background in the United States average 200 - 300 mrem/yr with the majority due to radon gas, a daughter product of uranium decay.  However, many places on earth receive more than 1000 mrem/yr from radon. Some natural background in the United States average 200 - 300 mrem/yr with the majority due to radon gas, a daughter product of uranium decay.  However, many places on earth receive more than 1000 mrem/yr from radon.

    9. 9 MEDICAL IMAGING __________________x-rays _________________ x-rays Greatest source of ________ ________radiation

    10. 10

    11. 11 What is the difference between x-rays and gamma rays???? Their______________________ X-rays are _______ __________ Gamma comes from the ______ of the atom

    12. 12 Terminology to cover Units of Measurement ALARA DOSE – Cumulative Annual Target theory Direct vs. Indirect Hit Somatic vs. genetic

    13. 13 UNITS OF RADIATION MEASUREMENT To ______________the amount of radiation A: Received by _________________ _________________ _________________

    14. 14 Conventional vs. SI units British units used since 1920’s United States still uses this system New system developed in 1948 System of Units based on Metric measurements developed by International Committee for Weights and Measures 1985- officially adopted

    15. 15 Conv. Units SI Units RADS REMS R - ROENTGEN _______ _______ _______

    16. 16 Comparsion of Units

    17. 17

    18. 18 Convenetional Unit of ROENTGEN (R) SI unit =__________ The quantity of radiation exposure in_______________ Measures __________of the x-ray tube Does not indicate the actual ________________________________

    19. 19 RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE (RAD) SI = GRAY (Gy) Measures the _____________ of energy ___________ by any medium (__________) 1 Gray (Gy) = 100 _______ 1/100 Gy = 1 _______

    20. 20 RAD to GRAY 100 rad = 1 Gy =1000 mGy 1/100 Gy = 1 rad 10 rad = .1 Gy = = 100 mGy 1000 mRad = 1 rad = .01 Gy = 10 mGy

    21. 21 Radiation Equivalent Man Used for ________ Traditional Unit = _________ SI Unit = ____________ (Sv) 1 Sv = 100 __________ 1/100 Sv =1 _________

    22. 22 RADIATION EQUIVALENT MAN (REMS) SI UNITS = SIEVERT Different _________ of radiation produce different responses The unit of dose ___________, expressed as __________________________________ Used for ____________(employee) exposures Can be used when for dose of patient Not all types of radiation produce the same responses in living tissue The unit of dose equivalence, expressed as the product of the absorbed dose in rad (or gray) and quality factor. RAD x QF = REM used for occupational exposures can be used when for dose of patient Not all types of radiation produce the same responses in living tissue The unit of dose equivalence, expressed as the product of the absorbed dose in rad (or gray) and quality factor. RAD x QF = REM used for occupational exposures can be used when for dose of patient

    23. 23 QUALITY FACTOR Qualifies what the damage is from different types of radiation Example: QF for X-ray is 1 QF for alpha is 20 Alpha is 20 x more damaging to tissue

    24. 24 Rad VS. Rem QF of x-ray is 1 1 RAD X QF = 1 REM 1 GRAY X QF = 1 SIEVERT

    25. 25 Very low energy = More destructive Very low energy = More destructive

    26. 26

    27. 27 Why did the bunny die?? BUNNY A Received 200 rads BUNNY B Received 200 rads

    28. 28 Why did the bunny die?? BUNNY A 200 rads x 1 for X-RAY = 200 RADS BUNNY B 200 rads x 20 for alpha = 4000 rads

    29. 29 REM to Sievert 100 rem = 1 sV =1000 msv 10 rem = .1 sV = = 100 msv 1000 mRem = 1 rem = .01 sV = 10 msv

    30. 30 RADS REMS RADS GRAYS Patient absorbed dose REMS SIEVERTS Employee (technologists) =

    31. 31 Cell Response to Radiation

    32. 32 Response of cells to radiation Cell sensitivity is dependant on: Type of cell Type of damage received Type of radiation exposed to

    33. 33 Sensitivity to radiation based on sex

    34. 34 Which (Male or Female) GONADs are external vs internal?

    35. 35 Which gender has gonads from birth?

    36. 36 Which gender constantly produces new reproductivecells?

    37. 37 Which GENDER is more sensitive to radiation at birth? Why?

    38. 38 Dose limits

    39. 39 Permissible Occupational Dose Annual dose : 5 Rem/year 50mSv/year (5000 mrem) Cumulative Dose 1 rem x age 10mSv x age

    40. 40 Allowable DOSE - ANNUAL BRITISH UNIT 5 REMS SI UNIT 5O mSv

    41. 41 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES 5 REMS / YEAR BUT NOT TO EXCEED 1.25 REM/QUARTER

    42. 42 Allowable DOSE – TOTAL CUMMULATIVE BRITISH UNIT Age x 1 rem Old MPD dose 5(age-18) SI UNIT Age x 10msv

    43. 43

    44. 44 Declared Pregnant Worker ____ badges provided 1 worn at collar (___________________exposure) 1 worn inside apron at waist level (____ exposure) Under 5 rem – _____________________ risk Risk _____________________ above 15 rem Recommend ________ (spontaneous) 25 rem (“Baby exposure” approx 1/1000 of ESE) www.ntc.gov/NRC/RG/08/08-013.html Must declare pregnancy – 2 badges provided 1 worn at collar (Mother’s exposure) 1 worn inside apron at waist level Under 5 rad – negligible risk Risk increases above 15 rad Recommend abortion (spontaneous) 25 rad (“Baby exposure” approx 1/1000 of ESE) www.ntc.gov/NRC/RG/08/08-013.html Must declare pregnancy – 2 badges provided 1 worn at collar (Mother’s exposure) 1 worn inside apron at waist level Under 5 rad – negligible risk Risk increases above 15 rad Recommend abortion (spontaneous) 25 rad (“Baby exposure” approx 1/1000 of ESE) www.ntc.gov/NRC/RG/08/08-013.html

    45. 45 Pregnancy & Embryo Mother __________worker (5 rem) Baby 500_______.5 rem/ year .05 rem/____________ 5______ .5 mSv / ________

    46. 46

    47. 47 Fetus Exposure Radiation exposure is most harmful during the __________ trimester of pregnancy ______________ Exposure limit 0.05 rem or 0.5 mSv PER MONTH 0.5 rem or 5 mSv total gestation

    48. 48

    49. 49 Education and Training Exposures Student’s must never hold patients during exposures Effective dose limit (Annual) 0.1 rem or 1 mSv (1/50 of Technologist’s dose)

    50. 50 PUBLIC EXPOSURE NON MEDICAL EXPOSURE 10 % of Occupational exposure 0.5 rad or 500 mrad or 50mgray Under age 18 and Students 0.1 rem 10 mrem 1mSv

    51. 51 Review

    52. 52 Radiation Monitoring

    53. 53 Radiation Monitoring Monitors measure the quantity of radiation received. Any radiation worker must be monitored to determine estimated dose exposure

    54. 54 Personnel Monitoring Devices Film Badges Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLD) Pocket Dosimeters Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL Dosimeters)

    55. 55 TLD

    56. 56 Film Badges – changed monthly

    57. 57 POSL

    58. 58

    59. 59 Field Survey Instruments Geiger Muller counter

    60. 60

    61. 61 Review What is the annual allowable dose for a 32 year old Technologist?

    62. 62 What is the cummulative allowable dose for a 32 year old Technologist?

    63. 63

    64. 64 Regulatory Agencies NCRP – National Council on Radiation Protection NRC – Nuclear Regulatory Committee

    65. 65 REGULATORY AGENCIES NCRP - Reviews recommendation for radiation protection & safety. Distributes information re: radiation awareness NRC Makes LAWS & enforces regulations

    66. 66 QUESTIONS ?

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