Chapter 7 Transforming the notes into a rough draft

1. Chapter 7Transforming the notes into a rough draft 9410021A Amy 9410023A Sharon 9410025A Vicki

2. 7a. Preparing to write the rough draft: A checklist 1. Formulate a thesis. 2. Go over your notes. 3. Organize your notes in the order of their appearance in the paper. 4. Write an outline or abstract of the paper, breaking down the thesis into an ordered list of topic.

3. Writing rough draft with typewriter or by pen or pencil: 1. Triple-space 2. Separate sheet for each paragraph 3. Use dictionary 4. Use thesaurus

4. 7c. Writing rough draft with a computer: 1.Not necessary to use triple-space or separate page per paragraph. 2. Run the draft through spelling checker. 3. Consult the built-in thesaurus.

5. 7c-1Overdoing it 1. Do not use fancy fonts. ex: The purpose of this research…… Instead of → The purpose of this research…… 2. Do not resort to extravagance. ex: The Purpose Of This Research…… Instead of→ The purpose of this research……

6. 7c-2 Using spelling-checker Spelling-checker: Catch misspelling of a word, but nobody can tell you whether you use a word correctly or not. You still need to check your work by yourself.

7. 7d Using your notes in the paper Be sure that the progress of your paper is logical and that you have not left out some important material. 7d-1Summaries and paraphrases The sources of summaries and paraphrases must be given in the body of the paper. → in running text or in parentheses

8. I. When the court life Russia died out at the imperial palace of Tsarskoe Selo, all kinds of political salons suddenly made their appearance in various sections of St. Petersburg. Although these new salons became the breeding ground for the same kinds of intrigues, plots, counterplots, and rivalries that had taken place at the imperial palace, somehow their activities seemed dwarfed, and their politics lacked the grandeur and dazzle that had accompanied the political style at the palace.

9. II. When the court life Russia died out at the imperial palace of Tsarskoe Selo, all kinds of political salons suddenly made their appearance in various sections of St. Petersburg. Although these new salons became the breeding ground for the same kinds of intrigues, plots, counterplots, and rivalries that had taken place at the imperial palace, somehow their activities seemed dwarfed, and their politics lacked the grandeur and dazzle that had accompanied the political style at the palace (Fűlőp-Miller 101)

10. III. As Hugh Seton-Watson points out in the preface to his book on the Russian empire, most people tend to forget that the Russian empire was multinational and therefore peopled with many non-Russian citizens, most important of whom were the polish (ix). The summary here is more emphatic because it is coupled with the name of the authority.

11. 7d-2 Direct and indirect quotations Direct quotation: Quotations must be reproduced with the exact someone else’s words.

12. Direct quotation: → Saddler makes the following statement: “The sentence-combining can provide straight, mindful in managing and rewriting basic sentences into more syntactically mature.” Indirect quotation: → Saddler suggests that the sentence-combining is very useful to make many writing types into more syntactically mature.

13. Direct quotation: Quotations must be reproduced with the exact phrasing , spelling, and punctuation of the original. Modification made in a quotation: → in a note placed in square brackets [ ] within the quotation → in parentheses at the end of the quotation → ( )

14. Ex: Milton was advocating freedom of speech when he said, “Give me the liberty to know, to think, to believe, and to utter freely[emphasis added] according to conscience, above all other liberties” (120).

15. 7d-3 Using brief direct quotations Brief quotations (four lines or less) can be introduced with a simple phrase. 1. If the quotation is grammatically parts of the sentence, the first word of the quotation does not need to be capitalized.

16. Original quotation: “Some infinitives deserve to be split.” Bruce Thompson Quotation used as part of a sentence: Bruce Thompson affirms that writers always have suspected, namely that “some infinitives deserve to be split.”

17. 2. If the quotation is used at the end of a declarative sentence, it is followed by a period whether or not a period is used in the original. Ex: Original quotation: “Love is a smoke rais‘d with the fume of sighs;…” Shakespeare Quotation used in a declarative sentence: In Act I Romeo describes love as “a smoke rais‘d with the fume of sighs.”

18. 7d-4 Using long quotation•Introduce by a sentence•With a colon•Double space Example The final paragraphs of“A Rose for Emily”bring to a horrifying climax all the elements of Gothic horror that have pervaded the story： For a long while we just stood there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin. The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love had cuckolded him. What was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow beside him lay that even coating of the patient and biding dust. •Set off with an indentation, not within quotation marks. •Do not leave an extra line space

19. 7d-5 Using quotation from poetry1.two or three lines*Separate the lines by a slash“The raven’s croak, the low wind chocked and drear, / The baffled stream, the gray wolf’s doleful cry” are typical Romantic images used by William Morris to create a mood of idle despair. 2.more than three lines*introduce with a colon*double-spacing*indented one inch or ten spacesIn the following lines from“You Ask Me Why, Tho’l lll at Ease,”Tennyson expresses the poet’s desire for freedom to speak out： It is the land that freemen till, That sober-suited Freedom chose, The land, where girt with friends of foes A man may speak the thing he will.

20. 7d-6 Using a quotation within another quotation*Use single quotation markRollo May is further exploring the daimonic personality when he states that “in his essay, Yeats goes so far as to specifically define the daimonic as the‘Other Will.’” *Use double quotation mark In his essay“Disease as a Way of Life,”Eric J. Cassell makes the following observation： As the term“diarrhea-pneumonia complex”suggests, infants in the Navajo environment commonly suffered or died from a combination of respiratory and intestinal complaints that are not caused by any single bacterium or virus.

21. 7d-7 Punctuating quotations*place commas and period (inside)“Three times today﹐”Lord Hastings declares in Act 3,“my foot-cloth horse did stumble, and started, when he look’d upon the Tower, as loath to bear me to the slaughter-house.”*place colons and semicolons (outside)Brutus reassures Portia, “You are my true and honourable wife, ad dear to me as are the ruddy drops that visit any sad heart’’﹔consequently, she insists that he reveal his secrets to her.*place quotation marks and exclamation points (inside)King Henry asks,“What rein can hold licentious wickedness when down the hill he holds his fierce career？”orWhich Shakespearean character said,“Fortune is painted blind, with a muffler afore her eyes’’﹖

22. 7d-8 Handling interpolations in quoted material*be placed in square bracketsThe critical review was titled“A Cassual [sic] Analysis of Incest and Other passions.”7d-9 Using the ellipsis*Omissions within a sentence are indicated by three spaced dots: OriginalMammals were in existence as early as the latest Triassic, 190 million years ago, yet for the first one hundred and twenty million years of their history, from the end of the Triassic to the late Cretaceous, they were a suppressed race, unable throughout that span of time to produce any carnivore larger than cat-size or herbivore larger than rat-size.Quotation Adrian Desmond, arguing that dinosaurs were once dominant over mammal, points out that “mammals were in existence as early as the latest Triassic… yet for the first one hundred and twenty million years of their history … they were a suppressed race, unable throughout that span of time to produce any carnivore larger than cat-size or herbivore larger than rat-size.”

23. Omission at the end of a sentence use a period followed by three spaced dots:Adrian Desmond, arguing that the dinosaurs were once dominant over mammals, points out that for millions of years the mammals were “a suppressed race, unable throughout that span of time to produce any carnivore larger than cat-size…. ”UnacceptableMammals were in existence as early as the latest Triassic, 190 million years ago, yet for the first one hundred and twenty million years of their history, “according to Triassic…. unable throughout that span of time to produce any carnivore larger than cat-size or herbivore larger than rat-size.” 7d-10 Overusing quotation 7d-11 Personal commentary *your own opinion appear as personal comments in your notes

24. 7e How to use quotations to explore and discover • It is not only to provide the authority opinions, the writer also have to react to them according to the personal theories and views. • The thesis should reflect your own views, and the authorities you provide should be less credit than your personal judgment. • You must assert your opinion; you must react to the research; you must say why you think it right or wrong.

25. Ex. Drug taking should be banned, because it will cause disease. • Research should inform our best decisions and influence our values, and you should not be afraid to defend what you believe or to disagree with those with whom you differ.

26. 7f Writing with unity, coherence, and emphasis • The primary rule of writing the research paper is that your notes must be blended smoothly into the natural flow of the paper. • The paper should not seem a patchwork of unrelated snippets. In sum, you must observe the rhetorical principles of unity, coherence, and emphasis.

27. 7f-1 Unity • The rhetorical principle of unity means that a paper should stick to its chosen thesis without rambling. • EX. Appearance will affect a person’s confidence. • The paper should pursue just that comparison. • Ex. Single and married.

28. Every writer should commit the editorial murder of a favorite image, word, phrase or sentence that simply didn't fit. • Ex. Kill someone. • To observe the principle of unity, you simply have to follow the lead of your thesis.

29. 7f-2 coherence • If unity means “sticking to the point,” coherence means “sticking together.” • Here are four suggestions to help you write coherence paragraphs: 1.repeat key words or use clear pronouns. • Notice the key word smoker in the paragraph.

30. Despite their efficacy, clinic-based interventions for smoking cessation reach only a minority of smokers in the population.1,2 Interventions provided by family and friends to smokers in their natural environment may have wider reach and greater population impact.3-5 The recent Clinical Practice Guideline on treatment of tobacco use and dependence provides evidence for the role of social support in cessation.6 Because many college students are exposed to smokers (eg, peers) in their natural environment, there is potential for engaging them as change agents for smoking cessation. The current study represents the first step toward this goal, in that we assessed college students' willingness to help a smoker quit.

31. Repetition of the word smoker can provide connection of the sentences. • Other pronounce: he, himself, his, they, it

32. 2. Use parallel structures. • The deliberate repetition of certain word, phrases, or clauses in a paragraph can give sentences a cohering rhythm an harmony. • Ex. Should • When people have free time, they should do the meaningful activities. They should do more exercise to keep healthy. They should read more to increase the intelligence. Also they should go outside, instead of staying at home everyday.

33. 3. Use transitional markers. • Common among these markers are the conjunctions and, or, nor, but, and for. • In addition, basal cell carcinomas are a far more common form of non-melanoma skin cancer than squamous cell carcinomas (80 versus 19 percent, respectively). However, actinic keratosis lesions do not appear to be a precursor to basal cell carcinomas. In a study of 6,000 Australians, a pre-existing actinic keratosis was a predictive factor for squamous cell carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas. C Co-existing actinic keratosis lesions were found in all but one of the 38 patients with squamous cell carcinomas; however, co-existing actinic keratosis were found in 76 of the 124 persons with basal cell carcinomas. This demonstrates that basal cell carcinomas do not require a co-existing actinic keratosis lesion to develop.

34. Transitional markers add to the coherent and smooth development of the ideas in a paragraph. • Adding: furthermore, in addition, moreover, similarly, also • Opposing: however, though, nevertheless, on the other hand, unlike • Concluding: therefore, as a result, consequently • Exemplifying: for example, for instance, to illustrate, that is • Intensifying: in fact, indeed, even, as matter of fact • Sequencing: first, second, finally, in conclusion, to sum up, in short

35. 4. Use a transitional sentence. • Ex: Previous analysis of this RCT by univariate statistical methods found that persons using the interdental brushing technique showed greater improvement in pocket depth, plaque indices, and bleeding on probing than those using the flossing technique (Jackson et al., 2006). … … .Since no difference was found in the bleeding scores between interdental brushing and flossing, it has been hypothesized that the difference in pocket depth reduction was attributed to marginal gingival recession induced by the use of interdental brushing (Christou et al., 1998). However, univariate statistical methods cannot disentangle the direct and indirect effects of different oral hygiene methods on the change in pocket depth. For instance, a greater resolution in the gingival inflammation due to a more effective oral hygiene technique might cause a greater gingival recession. … … .

36. 7f-3 Emphasis • Emphasis requires the expression of more important ideas in main or independent clauses and of less important ideas in subordinate or dependent clauses. • In sum, emphatic writing attempts to rank ideas through grammatical structure.

37. 7g Using the proper tense • MLA and CMS style: present tense • APA style: past or present perfect tense Ex. • Novel:is,reveal • Social science: reported, was

38. 7h using graphics in your research paper • The ease with which graphics can be downloaded from the Internet or scanned from books and periodicals has changed the look of the modern student research paper. • A pie chart, a block table, some graph • If you have the expertise, many computers allow the creation of tables, line graphs, or pie charts on your own.

39. General rules • Place your graphics as close as possible to their introduction. • Know the difference between figures and tables. • Provide the source. • Full-color art is acceptable, but the heading and explanations should be in black print. • Always explain the table or figure before you show it in your text. • Make your explanations as brief and clear as possible.

40. For a paper on the relationship between China and Taiwan Fig. 1. Map of China and Taiwan

41. For a paper on ancient China art http://www.npm.gov.tw Fig. 2.Jadeite Cabbage with Insects from ancient China

42. For a paper on grammar

43. 7i Writing the abstract • Abstract is a summary of the major ideas contained in your research paper. • No more than one page (about 120 words) • Falls on page 2.

44. Grammar 2 Abstract In two experiments, we developed a new methodology for studying complex stimulus control by spatial sequences of letters generated by artificial grammars. An artificial grammar is a system of rules that defines which letter sequences or strings are "grammatical." In Experiment 1, pigeons learned to respond differently to strings conforming to a grammar versus strings that were nongrammatical distortions. Several different criteria all suggested that performance was controlled both by some short chunks of strings shared between reinforced training strings and novel transfer strings and by more complex sequential regularities. In Experiment 2, pigeons quickly and accurately learned to respond differently to strings conforming to one or the other of two different artificial grammars. As in Experiment 1, performance was controlled both by some short chunks and by more complex sequential regularities. The results are interpreted in terms of family resemblance and pose new goals for theories of complex stimulus control.