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Journal

Journal. Prompt: “Amendment”. The Reformers Part I. The Movement to Improve the World. The Second Great Awakening. Defined: The religious movement of the early 1800s including revivals and missionary ideals. “Humanism”.

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Journal

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  1. Journal • Prompt: “Amendment”

  2. The Reformers Part I The Movement to Improve the World

  3. The Second Great Awakening Defined: The religious movement of the early 1800s including revivals and missionary ideals.

  4. “Humanism” • Also part of the cultural driving force, but “humanism” has too many meanings today. • Just remember, the Reformers fit within a larger movement geared towards the improvement or even perfection of the human condition.

  5. Three Areas of Interest • Education • Abolition • Women’s Rights

  6. EDUCATION New School for the U.S.A.

  7. Education • Early 1800s- Only New England provided free elementary education. • Horace Mann- Head of Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837 • Lengthened the school year, improved curriculum, doubled teacher salaries, developed new ways to train teachers. • 1839- First state supported “normal school”

  8. THANKS HORACE!

  9. By 1850s • Three Principles are generally accepted • School should be free (supported by taxes) • Teachers should be trained • Compulsory attendance (required)

  10. Higher Education • More colleges and universities • Oberlin College of Ohio -1833 • First to admit women and African-Americans • Mount Holyoke- 1837 • First permanent Women’s College • Ashmun Institute (later Lincoln University) 1854 • First African-American college

  11. New Types of Schools • Hartford School for the Deaf- 1817 • Perkins Institute- School for the Blind Hartford

  12. ABOLITIONISTS Those who spoke against the “peculiar institution”

  13. Early Efforts • Constitutional Convention of 1787 • No abolition, but ended the slave trade in 1808 • Gradual abolition in the North • New Jersey- Last Northern state to abolish slavery (officially) in 1804. Final thirteen slaves freed by the 13thAmendment in 1865.

  14. American Colonization Society • Founded by group of Virginians in 1816 • Sought to emancipate and relocate African-Americans • To Africa • 1822- First African-Americans arrive in Liberia Problems?

  15. The Cause Changes • By 1830s, Gradual emancipation is no longer reasonable. • More people enlist in the cause to end slavery. • White men, women, and African-Americans • Frederick Douglass edited the North Star • Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad New Reformers Included

  16. Opposition in the North • Many Northerners saw abolition as a: • Threat to social order. • Threat to northern economy. • Threat to national peace. • Opposition could turn violent • Elijah Lovejoy’s print shop was wrecked four times. • The fourth time, opposition forces set fire to his shop. • Lovejoy was shot.

  17. Opposition in the South • Defense of slavery: • Essential to Southern economy and culture • “Good for slaves” (compared to “wage slavery”) “Providence has placed [the slave] in our hands for his own good”

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