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The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution. Before 1500, few questioned the Bible and Greek philosophers Aristotle & Ptolemy… What was true and false about the universe came from these sources (write this next to box labeled geocentric theory). The Philosophical Medieval View.

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The Scientific Revolution

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  1. The Scientific Revolution

  2. Before 1500, few questioned the Bible and Greek philosophers Aristotle & Ptolemy…What was true and false about the universe came from these sources (write this next to box labeled geocentric theory)

  3. The Philosophical Medieval View • Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the Geocentric theory: Earth was an unmoving object located at the center of the universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth (sun rising and setting seemed to support this view) • Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe.

  4. Geocentric Theory

  5. Aristotle(384BC – 322BC) • An influential Greek philosopher who made important contributions on physical subjects. • Developed the geocentric model. • His philosophies have long-lasting effects on philosophical theories.

  6. Claudius Ptolemy(85 - 165) • One of the most influential Greek astronomers, mathematician & geographers of his time. • He expanded Aristotle’s geocentric theory. • He introduced trigonometrical (trigonometry) methods.

  7. Heliocentric Theory Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQ8Tb85HrU

  8. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory • Earth is no different than any other planet • On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

  9. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Pushes use of experiments and observations • Planetary movement is a mathematical formula • Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT circles • Confirms Copernicus ideas

  10. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • GALILEO – designs 1st telescope w/lens & sees movement of the stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets) • Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving and the earth of central  they are furious w/Galileo! • Galileo is accused of heresy (crimes against Church)  1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements Brainpop

  11. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Brainpop • Universal law of motion- every object in the universe attracts every other object • Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down) • Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion.

  12. Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564) • First to dissect human bodies (even though this was a disapproved practice). • Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) • His published observations included detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle.

  13. William Harvey (1578-1657) Harvey • Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals(1628) • Showed that heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout body

  14. Francis Bacon(1561-1626) • An English politician & writer with an interest in science. • Criticized ancient philosophers on how they arrived at their conclusions. • Urged scientists to experiment in order to arrive at conclusions • Developed the Scientific Method

  15. Francis Bacon(1561-1626) • Take out your Brainiac: Science Abuse Worksheet • Brainiac

  16. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • French scientist & mathematician. • Developed analytical geometry (links both algebra & geometry). • His developments provided new tools for scientific research.

  17. The Enlightenment---Age of Reason

  18. What was it? • Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution and ended in the French Revolution • Spokesmen = Rising Middle Class • Paris = Center of Enlightenment • Search for new laws/ways to govern humans

  19. Key Ideas • Distrust of Tradition and Religion • Scientific method could be applied to society as well • Man is naturally good

  20. The World of the Old Regime • Built on tradition • World of hierarchy, privilege and inequality • Allied with the Church • Challenged by supporters of the Enlightenment

  21. Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle Class • Size and increasing power of the Middle Class • New notion of wealth w/mercantilism • Tension and discord created by the Middle Class

  22. The Philosophes (Philosophers) • 18th century French intellectuals • Truth through reason • Natural laws – natural is good and reasonable • Happiness – belief in natural laws leads to happiness • Progress – for society (can be perfected) • Liberties – people should be free

  23. The Problem of Censorship • The attempt of the Old Regime to control new thinking • Publishers and writers hounded by censors • Over 1000 booksellers and authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the early 1700’s

  24. Famous Enlightenment Thinkers

  25. Thomas Hobbes (1588 –1679) • Wrote Leviathan (1651) • Convinced that all humans are wicked and evil • Humans exist in a primitive state and give consent to the government for self-protection • Absolute monarchies

  26. John Locke (1632-1704) • People learn from experience • Favored self-gov’t, people rule • Natural rights: life, liberty, property • gov’t protects these rights and if not, people overthrow gov’t • Wrote Two Treaties on Government (1690) • Inspired American Revolution

  27. Francois ArouetVoltaire (1694-1778) • Admired English gov’t • Mocked laws of France and religion • There should be separation of church and state • “Ecrasezl’infame” – “Crush the evil thing”

  28. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) • The Spirit of the Laws (1748) • “Power should be a check to power” – this is beginnings of separation of powers • Influence in the US – legislative, executive, judicial

  29. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • Individual freedom • “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” • Direct democracy • 1762- Wrote “The Social Contract” in which he stated that Gov’t is a contract b/w people and rulers

  30. The Role of the Salon – Spreading Ideas • Wealthy women of Paris hosted social gatherings known as salons • Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists gathered to share ideas • Madame Geoffrin – most influential salon hostess

  31. Diderot’s Encyclopedia • Encyclopedia (28 volumes) • Collected articles regarding all topics: science, politics, economics, slavery, human rights, religion, etc. • Critics were outraged & Pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics who read it! • Translations helped spread enlightenment ideas across Europe

  32. Art and Literature • Enlightenment is reflected in the arts – music, literature, painting, and architecture • Baroque – grand and ornate TO • Neoclassical – simple and elegant, Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven • Development of novels

  33. Enlightened Despotism • The manner of political reform – monarchs who embraced new ideas& reforms • Frederick the Great of Prussia • Catherine the Great of Russia • Joseph II of Austria

  34. Impact of Enlightenment • Ideas led to people challenging long held ideas about society • Political philosophies of the Enlightenment inspired American and French revolutions in the 1800s

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