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A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Emotion Regulation: Implications for Substance Abuse

U. C. S ocial/ C ognitive/ A ffective/ N euroscience U nit. A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Emotion Regulation: Implications for Substance Abuse Kevin Ochsner OLUMBIA NIVERSITY. Research supported by NIDA, NIH, NSF. Elaine Robertson. James Gross. John Gabrieli.

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A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Emotion Regulation: Implications for Substance Abuse

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  1. U C Social/Cognitive/Affective/Neuroscience Unit A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Emotion Regulation: Implications for Substance Abuse Kevin Ochsner OLUMBIA NIVERSITY Research supported by NIDA,NIH, NSF

  2. Elaine Robertson James Gross John Gabrieli Becky Ray Jeff Cooper Tor Wager Carl Hart Walter Mischel Stanford (past) Matthew Davidson Hedy Kober Ethan Kross Brent Hughes Our Research Village Columbia (present)

  3. How could he have controlled his substance-abusing impulses?

  4. Affect Regulation & Substance Abuse • Describe research that builds a model of the brain bases of effective emotion regulation • Consider how this model might be translated to help understand mechanisms of substance abuse & its treatment

  5. If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment. -Marcus Aurelius 1. Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation

  6. 1. Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment. -Marcus Aurelius AversiveStimulus/Event Appraise Significance Emotional Response

  7. 1. Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power torevoke at any moment. -Marcus Aurelius Aversive Stimulus/Event Re-appraise Significance Altered Response

  8. Typical Design for Studying Re-appraisal REAPPRAISE or LOOK RELAX Strength of Affect weak strong 1 2 3 4 5 Instructional cue Photo period Affect rating Intertrial interval 2 secs 10 secs ~4 secs ~4-5 secs

  9. Think about image in a way that makes you feel more neg.... IncreaseNegative Affect “He’s in pain, is weak of heart, may die soon….” Think about image in way that makes you feel less negative…. DecreaseNegative Affect “He’s just tired/annoyed, is hearty, will be right as rain….”

  10. Building the Model 1. Why you reappraise 2. How you reappraise Strategy- Specific Goal- Specific Common Core Time Specific Stimulus or Emotion- Specific 4. When you reappraise 3. What you reappraise

  11. Building the Model 1. Why you reappraise 2. How you reappraise Two goals: Strategy- Specific Negative Affect Common Core Time Specific Stimulus or Emotion- Specific 4. When you reappraise 3. What you reappraise

  12. Common PFC regions for each reappraisal Goal Ochsner, Ray, Robertson, Cooper, Gabrieli & Gross (2004) Increasing Neg Affect (Increase > Look) Lateral PFC Decreasing Neg Affect (Decrease > Look) N = 23

  13. Amygdala modulated up or down in accord with reappraisal goal Increase Increase > Look Look-neg % signal change Look-neu Photo 10 secs Cue 2sec Lag Look-neg Look > Decrease Decrease % signal change Look-neu Photo 10 secs Cue 2sec Lag

  14. Bilateral Activation for Decreasing Neg Affect Wager, Ochsner, Hughes & Davidson (in prep) WM / Language / Response Selection regions Left Right Decrease > Look N = 34, optimized

  15. Bilateral Activation for Decreasing Neg Affect Wager, Ochsner, Hughes & Davidson (in prep) Activity in many regions correlates withReappraisal Success Left Right Decrease > Look N = 34, optimized

  16. Bilateral Activation for Decreasing Neg Affect r = .63 r = .49 Left Right Drop in Neg Affect Drop in Neg Affect Wager, Ochsner, Hughes & Davidson (in prep) Activity in many regions correlates withReappraisal Success Decrease > Look N = 34, optimized

  17. Lateral PFC Top-down implementation of cognitive reappraisals Amygdala Generate initial response Anterior Cingulate Cortex Monitor reappraisal success Core Prefrontal-Amygdala interactions Underlying the Cognitive Control of Emotion (Ochsner, in press; Ochsner & Gross, 2004, 2005, in press; cf. Beer et al, 2004; Lieberman et al, 2005) Lateral Medial

  18. Building the Model 1. Why you reappraise 2. How you reappraise Goal- Specific Strategy- Specific PFC/ACC - Amyg Time Specific Stimulus or Emotion- Specific 4. When you reappraise 3. What you reappraise

  19. Building the Model 1. Why you reappraise 2. How you reappraise DMPFC Right LPFC Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004; Wager, Ochsner et al, in prep Strategy- Specific PFC/ACC - Amyg Time Specific Stimulus or Emotion- Specific 4. When you reappraise 3. What you reappraise

  20. Building the Model 1. Why you reappraise 2. How you reappraise DMPFC Right LPFC Medial PFC for self-focused strats Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004; Wager, Ochsner et al, in prep Ochsner et al, 2004 PFC/ACC - Amyg Time Specific Stimulus or Emotion- Specific 4. When you reappraise 3. What you reappraise

  21. Building the Model 1. Why you reappraise 2. How you reappraise DMPFC Right LPFC Medial PFC for self-focused strats Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004; Wager, Ochsner et al, in prep Ochsner et al, 2004 PFC/ACC - Amyg Time Specific Left PFC for memories, like images Kross & Ochsner in prep 4. When you reappraise 3. What you reappraise

  22. Building the Model 1. Why you reappraise 2. How you reappraise DMPFC Right LPFC Medial PFC for self-focused strats Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004; Wager, Ochsner et al, in prep Ochsner et al, 2004 PFC/ACC - Amyg Pre-appraisal = LPFC, like Reapp Left PFC for memories, like images Wager, Ochsner et al, in prep Kross & Ochsner in prep 4. When you reappraise 3. What you reappraise

  23. Building the Model 1. Why you reappraise 2. How you reappraise DMPFC Right LPFC Medial PFC for self-focused strats Ochsner et al, 2002, 2004; Wager, Ochsner et al, in prep Ochsner et al, 2004 5. Who reappraises PFC/ACC - Amyg Ray, Ochsner et al, 2006 Pre-appraisal = LPFC, like Reapp Left PFC for memories, like images Wager, Ochsner et al, in prep Kross & Ochsner in prep 4. When you reappraise 3. What you reappraise

  24. 2. Translating the Model Cooling Reappraisals PFC/ACC Arousing Appraisals Craving, Drug Use Amyg/Striatum How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse? Aversive need states, drugs or related cues

  25. 2. Translating the Model Arousing Appraisals Amyg/Striatum Non-arousing Appraisals Craving, Drug Use Amyg/Striatum How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse? Cooling Reappraisals PFC/ACC Aversive need states, drugs or related cues Craving, Drug Use

  26. 2. Translating the Model Cooling Reappraisals PFC/ACC Arousing Appraisals Amyg/Striatum How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse? Aversive need states, drugs or related cues Craving, Drug Use

  27. 2. Translating the Model Cooling Reappraisals PFC/ACC Arousing Appraisals Amyg/Striatum How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse? Aversive need states, drugs or related cues Craving, Drug Use

  28. 2. Translating the Model Arousing Appraisals Craving, Drug Use Amyg/Striatum How does affect regulation play a role in substance abuse? Cooling Reappraisals PFC/ACC Aversive need states, drugs or related cues • Drugs and drug cues “turn on” affective circuits (e.g. Breiter et al.; Grant et al.;Volkow et al.) • Long term use may damage control circuits (e.g. London et al.; Nordahl et al.) • Drug users have self-regulatory deficits • Childhood deficits predispose towards drug use (e.g. Mischel et al.) • Deficits in lab tasks following drug use(e.g. Garavan & Stout)

  29. The Translational Future A 2-step, translational social cognitive neuroscience approach to emotion regulation may be useful for understanding substance abuse…… Q:But will it be successful? A: Yes. • Extant work has characterized cognitive and structural neural deficits, but has not examined socioemotional functions and the ability to regulate per se, which is central to treatment • Can show how specific regulatory mechanisms are dysfunctional – or effective –which may be useful for designing treatments that target them • The same 2-step process already has been successful in applying Cog Neuro models of memory and attention to Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and substance abuse

  30. If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment. - Marcus Aurelius If you desire anything external, the urgeis not due to the thing itself, but to your estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment. - Marcus Aurelius

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