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APES Test Review

APES Test Review. Climate, atmosphere, air pollution . Composition. Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Water Vapor 0-4% Carbon Dioxide <<1% Methane <<<1% Nitrous Oxide <<<1% Ozone <<<1%. Structure. Weather and Climate. Weather= caused by the mvt or transfer of heat

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APES Test Review

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  1. APES Test Review Climate, atmosphere, air pollution

  2. Composition • Nitrogen 78% • Oxygen 21% • Water Vapor 0-4% • Carbon Dioxide <<1% • Methane <<<1% • Nitrous Oxide <<<1% • Ozone <<<1%

  3. Structure

  4. Weather and Climate • Weather= caused by the mvt or transfer of heat • Influences temp, air pres, humidity, precip, avail sunshine, wind velocity • Radiation: how earth gets solar energy • Flow of electromagnetic radiation • Conduction: • Energy transferred by collisions between energy carrying molecules • Convection: • Energy transfer from hotter to colder • Determinant of weather patterns

  5. What Influences Climate? • Air mass • Equatorial, tropical, polar, artic, etc.. • Air pressure • Low pressure: cloudy stormy weather • High pressure: clear skys, cool, dense air, fair weather • Albedo • Reflection of solar radiation • Snow has high albedo • Dark soil has low albedo • Altitude: every 1,000 ft rise in elevation there is a 3°F drop in temp • Angle of sunlight • Areas closest to equator=most sun and high temps • Clouds • Not going into types here.. You can on your own • Distance to ocean • Fronts • Heat • Land changes • Latitude • Location • Humidity • Mountian ranges • Pollution • Rotaion • Wind patterns • Human activity

  6. ENSO El Nino La Nina Cold temps in the E equatorial Pacific Opp of El Nino Wetter than normal conditions in pac NW Increase in hurricanes Heavier monsoons in india/asia • Stands for El Nino Southern Oscillations • Occur late December • Along west coast of pacific • Air pressure drops on W coast of S amer and high pressure areas deveolp • Normal trade winds reduced - Causing warmer than normal weather in S Amer

  7. Air Pollution • Can be from natural sources= volcanoes • Unnatural= cars • Stationary sources= smoke stacks • Examples) particulate matter (soot), sulfur dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, carbon monoxide • Secondary pollutants= from primary pollutants reacting w/ atmosphere to form a new pollutant- Sulfur trioxide

  8. Major Air Pollutants • Nitrogen Oxide- from burning fuels at high temps, forest fires, volcanoes, bacteria in soil • Forms nitric acid, contributes to acid rain • Ozone= O3= major component of photchemical smog, formed by sunlight reacting w/ NOx and VOCs in the air • Sulfur Dioxide- from oil and coal burning, smelting metals… combines w/ water vapor to produce acid rain, reduces plant productivity • Also know VOCs and particulate matter

  9. Indoor Air Pollution • Strategies to improve indoor air pollution • Tax incentives or fines and penalties • Legislative standards for energy effic • More funding for research for renewable energy • Trade polices • Solar cookstoves in dev countries • Phase out gas engines • Building codes • Incentives for mass transit

  10. Different indoor air pollutants

  11. Know the different types • Study the poems • Radon • Asbestos • Lead • smoke

  12. Indoor air pollution Sick building syndrome Health Children, elderly, people with respiratory issues • Many people experiencing same illness • Tied to same location

  13. Kyoto Protocol • 1997 • Reduce green house emissions by 7% compared to 1990 levels • Face penalties if not met • Agreement between 150 nations

  14. Laws • Air pollution control act 1955- • 1stlegilslastion • Initiated research, really just made people aware of problem • Clean Air Act- 1963 • Reducing air pollution by setting emissions standards for power plants, steel mills

  15. Laws Montreal Protocol- 1989 • Agreement among nations to phase out chemicals that damage ozone layer- CFCs

  16. OZONE • UV Radiation • UVA: 320-400 nm wvlght, blue light, a lot hits earth • UVB: 290-320 nm causes sun burns and skin cancer • UVC: 10-290nm only in stratophere responsible for formation of ozone

  17. Ozone depletion • CFCs • Air conditioner leaks • Aerosol propellants • Electrical part cleaning solvents

  18. Effects of Depletion • Increase • skin cancer • Sunburns, skin damage • Cataract of eye • Reduced crop prod • Reduction in food web production • Increase in mutations • Climate change • Cooling of stratophere

  19. Reduce OZONE • Alternatives to CFCs= HCFCs not perfect • Alternatives to halons- areosol in fire extinguishers • Using alternatives as coolants

  20. Global warming • Know the green house effect • Methods to reduce it – Carbon sequestration • Green house gases • CO2 • CCl4 • CFC • Halons • HCFCs • HFCs • CH4 • Nitrous oxide • Sulfur hexafluoride

  21. Effects of global warming • Acidification- decrease in pH in oceans, effects coral reefs • Change in weather patterns, increase in extreme weather events • Rise in ocean level- displace people, property loss • Forest fires • Health effects • Increase in disease • Melt of permfrost and release of methane

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