Chapter 11 Emotion, Stress, and Coping

1. Chapter 11Emotion, Stress, and Coping Zhang Zhiyong Department of Psychology Peking University

2. 你在闹情绪吗？ • 心境如何？ • 你的情绪深而不露？还是溢于言表？ • 你有什么烦恼或者高兴的事情？ • 心情郁闷有什么不好的后果？ • 如何保持良好的心情？

3. Definition • Emotion, or affect, is an evaluative response (a positive or negative feeling) that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional expression.

4. Outlines • Emotion • Stress • Coping • Some Concluding Thoughts

5. 1 Emotion • Physiological Components • Subjective Experience • Emotional Expression • A Taxonomy of Emotions • Perspectives on Emotion • A Different Perspective: Integrating the Perspectives on Emotion

6. 1.1 Physiological Components • William James (1884) • the peripheral theory • Carl Lange (1885) • James-Lange theory • Cannon (1927) and Bard (1934) • Two criticisms to James-Lange theory • Too slow • Not specific • Cannon-Bard theory

7. James-Lange Theory 害怕

8. Cannon-Bard Theory 害怕

9. The neuro-psychology of emotion • Emotion located in the heart,face or the peripheral nervous system? • Distributed throughout the nervous system • Three areas of the brain of special importance: Hypothalamus, Limbic system, cortex • The Papez circuit: thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, limbic system, • Amygdala, the brain emotional computer • Two circuits of the emotional reaction • The role of the cortex with respect to emotion

10. 1.2 Subjective Experience • happy, angry, sad, and Elated • Individual difference in the intensity of emotional states • Personality disorders/Psychological disorder • Acknowledging and examining one’s feelings can have a positive impact on health. (Berry & Pennebaker,1993; Pennebaker et al,1990)

11. 1.3 Emotional Expression • The overt behavioral signs of emotion • Various ways: facial expressions, posture, gestures, and tone of voice. • Creating fear in the face

12. 1.3.1 Facial Expression and Emotion • Tomkins(1962): the face is the primary center of emotion • The relationship between emotion and facial muscle movements is uniform enough across individuals and cultures.(Ekman, 1971) • Facial expressions not only indicate a person emotional state, but they also influence its physiological and subjective components.(Ekman, 1992)

13. 1.3.2 Culture and Emotional Display Rules • Some facial expressions are universally recognized (Ekman,1971;Ekman & Oster,1979) • Ekman & Oster(1979): surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness. • Izard(1977): shame and interest. • Display rules: express in an appropriate way within their culture or subculture. • Stephan et al(1996): Costa Rica & US on PE, NE expressing • Ekman(1977): Japanese & North Americans, aware or unaware of being observed. • Cool

14. 1.3.3 Gender and Emotional Expression • Woman probably experience emotion more intensely, are better able to read emotions from other people faces and nonverbal cues, and express emotion more intensely and openly than men. • Children as young as 3 yrs old recognize that females are more likely to express fear, sadness, and happiness, and males, anger. • The possible reason: gender roles

15. 1.4 A Taxonomy of Emotions • Basic Emotions • Positive affect / Negative affect

16. Basic Emotions • Criterion: (Izard & Buechler, 1980) • An emotion is basic if it has characteristic physiological, subjective, and expressive components. • Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgust • Surprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt, joy, trust, and anticipation.

17. Positive affect / Negative affect • Two factors underlie people self-reported emotions.(Watson & Clark,1992; Watson & Tellegen, 1985) • Approach-oriented/Avoidance-oriented system driven by positive/negative affect • The tendency appears to some degree heritable(N/P, 0.40/0.55) • One final solution(Fischer et al., 1990)

18. An emotion hierarchy Emotion Negative Positive Love Joy Anger Sadness Fear Fondness Bliss Pride Jealousy Annoyance Infatuation

19. The Emotion Wheel (Plutchik,1984) 爱 乐观 谦恭 喜悦 接受 期待 恐惧 进取 敬畏 愤怒 惊奇 忧伤 厌恶 鄙视 失望 怜悯

20. 1.5 Perspectives on Emotion • Psychodynamic Perspectives on Emotion • Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion • The Evolutionary Perspective • Behaviorist Perspective

21. Psychodynamic Perspectives on Emotion • Being unconscious of one own emotional experience Moray(1969) • Neutral words-->conditioned fear-inducing words • Words in Unattended channel • Unconscious emotional processes can influence thought, behavior, and even health • People regularly delude themselves about their own abilities and personality attributes as a way of avoiding unpleasant emotion. • Shedler et al(1993): such defensive self-deception about emotions takes its toll physiologically.

22. Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion • Interpretation and Emotion • Schachter-Singer theory (1962): not simply the subjective awareness of arousal • Criticism Emotion-inducing stimulus Physiological arousal Cognitive interpretation of arousal Emotion

23. Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion • Cognition and Appraisal • People emotions reflect their judgments and appraisals of the situations or stimuli (Lazarus) • Finding a doctor negligent or incompetent • Zajonc(1980): mere exposure effect • The Influence of Emotion and Mood on Cognition

24. Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion • The Influence of Emotion and Mood on Cognition • Mood: relatively extended emotional states that typically do not shift attention • Affects on memory, thinking(judgments, inferences, or predictions) • Mood and autobiographical memory(72Vs52%) • Depressed person

25. The Evolutionary Perspective • Emotion serve an adaptive purpose • Communicative function • A powerful source of motivation (movere) • Why people become jealous in intimate? • Female: emotional commitment • Male: sexual access • Buss et al(1992): study 1,2,3

26. The Behaviorist Perspective • Conditioned emotion • Reinforced emotional behavior

27. 2 Stress • A challenge to a person’s capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands, which may be physiologically arousing and emotionally taxing and call for cognitive or behavioral responses.

28. 2 Stress • Stress as a Psychobiological Process • Stress as a Transactional Process • Sources of Stress • Stress and Health

29. 2.1 Stress as a Psychobiological Process • Hans Selye (1936, 1976) • General adaptation syndrome • Three stages: • alarm • resistance • exhaustion

30. 2.2 Stress as a Transactional Process • Richard Lazarus (1981, 1991, 1993) • The extent of stress depends on the person’s appraisal of both the situation and his ability to cope with it. • Lazarus’s two stages in the process of stress and coping • primary appraisal: what’s it? • Secondary appraisal: What should I do? • Lazarus’s three types of stress: • harm/loss • threat • challenge • Social and economic forces

31. 2.3 Sources of Stress • Stressor • Life Events • Catastrophes • Daily Hassles

32. Death of spouse 100 Divorce 73 Marital separation 65 Jail term 63 Death of family_m 63 Personal inju/ill 53 Marriage 50 Fired at work 47 Retirement 45 Pregnancy 40 Business readjust 39 Begin or end sch. 26 Trouble with boss 23 Change in reside 20 Vocation 13 Christmas 12 Holmes-Rahe Life Events Rating Scale(1967)

33. Life events and its meaning for individuals • Perceived stress----The different meanings of various events for different individuals. • Longer-lasting effects • Parkes & Brown(1972): 45 yrs. People who widowed an average of 14 months • Increased illness, appetite disturbance, depression,sleep disturbances fatigue, loneliness, and higher mortality rate. • Acculturative stress

34. 2.3 Sources of Stress • Stressor • Life Events • Catastrophes • Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD • Survivors’ guilt • Daily Hassles

35. 常见的日常烦恼 • 担心体重 • 家人的健康 • 生活必须品的涨价 • 家务 • 要做的事情太多 • 东西找不着或丢失 • 收拾院落或室外 • 财产、投资或交税 • 犯罪 • 体型相貌

36. 2.4 Stress and Health • Stress People • 酗酒、吸烟、睡眠不足、运动少 • Stress and the Immune System • Stress, Health, and Personality • Type A behavior pattern (Friedman & Rosenman, 1959) Impatient, hard-driving, ambitious, competitive, and hostile. • Power Motivation, Hardiness

37. 3 Coping • Coping Mechanisms • Defense Mechanisms • The impact of Culture on Coping Styles • Social Support • Commentary

38. 3.1 Coping Mechanisms • Change the situation • Problem solving • Alter one’s cognition • Alter unpleasant emotional consequences of stress

39. 3.2 Defense Mechanisms • Repression • Denial • Projection • Reaction formation • Sublimation • Rationalization • Passive aggression

40. 3.3 The impact of Culture on Coping Styles • U.S. Children are more likely to attempt to master stressful situations actively • Mexican children are socialized to modify themselves rather than confronting obstacles in the environment. • Low effort syndrome

41. 3.4 Social Support • 有可信任的人，可以指望获得帮助和关心。 • 机制 • 缓冲假设 • 积极支持力

42. 3.5 Commentary: A Caveat • The use of questionnaires Two implicit assumptions • Everyone experiences the same events to the same stressful degree • People know what is stressful to them and can report the mechanisms they use to cope with them • Artifacts of correlating variables that are not independent of each other

43. 4 Some Concluding Thoughts • 情绪是一种评价 • 情绪有基本的类型模式 • 情绪与无意识、生理、认知、适应性 • 应激源、应激模型 • 应付与自我防御机制