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Calf Health from Birth to Branding: The Calf

Calf Health from Birth to Branding: The Calf. 2005 NCBA Cattlemen’s College Dr. Rob Callan Colorado State University. Topics. The HIGH RISK CALF Pasture Management to Minimize Scours Neonatal Calf Immunity and Vaccination BVDV Surveillance and Eradication. The High Risk Calf.

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Calf Health from Birth to Branding: The Calf

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  1. Calf Health from Birth to Branding:The Calf 2005 NCBA Cattlemen’s College Dr. Rob Callan Colorado State University

  2. Topics • The HIGH RISK CALF • Pasture Management to Minimize Scours • Neonatal Calf Immunity and Vaccination • BVDV Surveillance and Eradication

  3. The High Risk Calf • Any calf where physiological or environmental factors increase the risk of disease or death. • Maternal Nutrition • Dystocia • Twins • Inclement Weather

  4. Maternal Nutrition • Nutritional Factors • Energy • Protein • Minerals • Calving Progression • Pelvic Fat • Weakness • Uterine Inertia • Colostrum Quality

  5. Preventing Dystocia • Nutrition • Calf Size • Sire Selection • Maternal Selection • Maternal Pelvic Area • Dystocia Calves • 2 to 6 times more likely to become sick or die than calves born normally!

  6. Parturition and Dystocia • Normal Progression • Stage 1: Behavioral • 1 to 8 hours • Stage 2: Delivery • Allantoic Fluid • Progress every 30 min. • Cows 1 hour • Heifers 2 hours • Stage 3: Placenta • Within 8 hours

  7. Dystocia Assistance • Right Lateral Recumbency • 30% less force than standing • Down (left) Shoulder First • Fetlock 1 hands breadth beyond the vulva. • Up (right) Shoulder Next • Shoulders and Head Out • Rotate to relieve Hip Lock

  8. Dystocia Assistance

  9. Normal Neonatal Calf • Sternal position in 15 minutes • Suckle response in 30 minutes • Standing in 30-60 Minutes • Temperature remains above 100 F • Higher temperature at birth • Decreases within first 1-3 hours • Thermoregulation!

  10. High Risk Calves Have: • Inadequate Nursing • Colostrum Intake • Nutrients and Energy • Poor Colostrum Absorption • Poor Thermoregulation • Hypoxia (low oxygen)

  11. Identify The High Risk Calf • Any Dystocia • All Twins • Meconium Staining • Temperature <100 F • No Suckle • Not Standing • Not Nursing INTERVENTION !

  12. Assisting the High Risk Calf • Manually Feed 1 Quart Colostrum • Bonding to Dam • Monitor Temperature • Recheck Later • Heated Hutch • Water Baths • Oxygen

  13. Temperature and Oxygen

  14. Scours and Pasture Management • Environmental Contamination • Biological Amplification • Sources • Adults • Older Calves • Prolonged Shedding

  15. Pasture System - Example Nursery Pasture 1 (1st 3 weeks) Gestation Pasture Nursery Pasture 2 (2nd 3 weeks) Nursery Pasture 3 (3rd 3 weeks) Calving Pasture Dystocia Facilities Scours Pasture

  16. Calving Pasture • Minimize Congregation • Monitor For Dystocia • Feeding Practices that promote cow dispersal • Feed hay and grain distant from water sources • Move bunks or bale feeders periodically • Seasonal Pasture (i.e. tall fescue in Fall)

  17. Calving Pasture • Natural Cover • Manmade Windbreaks • Location • Good Drainage • Southern Exposure • Feed and Water • Separate from congregation points such as feed areas or water

  18. Nursery Pastures • Identify Stocking Rates • Age Range • <30 days between oldest and youngest calves! • Scours Pasture • Quarantine! • Until branding

  19. A Scours Nightmare!

  20. Calf Immunity • Colostrum, Colostrum, Colostrum!!! • Maternal Antibodies • Lactogentic Immunity • In the GI Tract • Prevents Scours • Sytemic Immunity • In the blood and tissues • Prevents Systemic Disease • Enteric Immunity • Resecretion • Helps prevent scours

  21. Systemic Immunity • TP > 5.5 mg/dl  Adequate • TP < 5.0 mg/dl  Failure • Mortality Risk (90 days) • TP 6.0-6.5  Mortality Risk = 1 • TP 5.5-6.0  Mortality Risk = 1.4 • TP 5.0-5.5  Mortality Risk = 2.1 • TP 4.5-5.0  Mortality Risk = 3.3 • TP < 4.5  Mortality Risk = 6.0

  22. Lymphocyte Responses Immunologically Active Lymphocyte Activity Calf Lymphocytes Maternal Lymphocytes 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Birth Weeks

  23. Maternal Antibody Interference Maternal Antibody Antibody Level Protection Threshold Susceptible Immunization Threshold Time

  24. Maternal Antibody Interference Percentage of Calves Responding to IBR / PI-3 Vaccination Age Killed 2 dose MLV (IM) MLV (IN) Birth to 2 wk 2 wk to 1 mth 1 to 2 mth 2 to 3 mth 3 to 4 mth > 4 mth 5% 15-30% 35-45% 50-65% 70-80% >80% 10% 20-40% 50-75% 75-90% >90% >90% 25% 50% 75% >90% >90% >90% Schultz, R.D. AABP 26th Annual Convention, 1993

  25. Maternal Antibody Interference Percentage of Calves Responding to BVDV Vaccination Age Killed 2 dose MLV (IM) Birth to 1mth 1 to 2 mth 2 to 3 mth 3 to 4 mth 4 to 5 mth 5 to 6 mth >6 mth 5% 25% 45% 60% 75% 80% >80% 10% 35% 55% 70% 80% 90% >90% Schultz, R.D. AABP 26th Annual Convention, 1993

  26. Maternal Antibody Interference • Modified live vaccines immunize at an earlier age. • Modified live intranasal (mucosal) vaccines immunize earlier than intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccines. • Some animals still do not respond by 6 months. Recommend a second MLV vaccination at 9 to 16 months of age. Schultz, R.D. AABP 26th Annual Convention, 1993

  27. Modified Live vs. Killed Killed MLV Duration of Immunity Cell Mediated Immunity Secretory Immunity Hypersensitivity Reactions Endotoxin Immunosupression Disease / Abortion Longer Fair Poor Less Common Possible Possible Possible Shorter Poor Poor More Common Possible NO NO

  28. Calf Vaccination • Some Priming Response • 1-3 Weeks of Age • After 5 Weeks of Age • Active Response Increases With Age • Fully effective after 6 months • Modified live vaccines generally induce better immunity than killed vaccines

  29. Calf Vaccination • Killed vaccines REQUIRE TWO DOSES within a 3-6 week period. • Immunity takes at least TWO weeks to develop after final dose. • If you vaccinate at branding then vaccinate again prior to weaning or shipping.

  30. Feedlot Respiratory Outbreaks • Vaccination Timing • Immunosupression • Stress • Nutrition • Vitamin A • Vitamin E • Selenium • Zinc • Copper • Disease • BVDV

  31. The Trojan Cow

  32. BVDV Economics • $20-40 Loss per Adult Cow • Outbreaks $500-1000 per Cow

  33. BVDV Persistent Infection • Occurs in the fetus when the dam is infected with BVDV between 30 and 150 days of gestation • Fetus becomes immunotolerant • Virus persists

  34. BVDV Persistent Infection • Clinically normal • Weak, poor doer • Immunosuppressed • Prevalence • 10% of Herds • 0.1-5% of calves • 0-1% of yearlings • 80% Die by 12 Months of Age

  35. Other BVDV Syndromes • Reproductive failure • 5-10% drop in 1st service conception • 5-10% increase in early embryonic death • Abortion • 2-5% increase in sporadic abortion • CNS congenital defects • Infection during 100-170 days gestation

  36. Other BVDV Syndromes • Other congenital defects • Eyes, Lungs, Skeletal, Thymus • Increased neonatal death loss • Weak calf, poor growth • 1-5% increase mortality by 12 months • Hemorrhagic syndrome • Immunosuppression

  37. BVDV Transmission • PI animals are the primary source of infection • Contaminated needles and injectable medications can transmit BVDV • Transmission over distances of at least 10 meters • BVDV can survive for short periods of time in the environment • Bedding • Feeders and Water troughs • Generally less than 4 days Niskanen R, Lindberg A. Transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus by unhygienic vaccination procedures, ambient air, and from contaminated pens. Vet J 2003;165:125-30.

  38. Fetal BVDV Infection • 10.1% of Calves in Study • 0.5% Persistently Infected • exposed at 30-150 days gestation • 9.6% Late Gestation Infections • Exposed after 150 days gestation • 2-fold higher risk of a severe illness • Even late fetal infection with BVDV has a negative impact on calf health, with subsequent impact on herd health. Munoz-Zanzi CA, et al. Quantification, risk factors, and health impact of natural congenital infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy calves. Am J Vet Res 2003;64:358-65.

  39. BVDV In The Feedyard • Persistently Infected Calves • Overall Prevalence – 0.15 to 0.25% • 1 to 3 calves per 1000 • 5.8% Treated Calves were PI • 25.5% of Calves that Died were PI • 33% increase in respiratory disease in the same pen. • 20% increase in respiratory disease in neighboring pen. Loneragan GH, et. al. AAVDL Proceedings, 2003

  40. Herd Diagnosis • Suspicion • Herd records • Signalment and history • Clinical signs and CBC • Pathology/histopathology • Screening Tests • Serology • Definitive Tests • Skin Tests (Ear Notch, IHC, Ag Capture ELISA) • Virus isolation (tissue, blood/serum) • PCR, ELISA

  41. BVDV Serology • Detects Exposure • Natural Infection • Vaccination • Group Screening • Unvaccinated Animals • Calves • Sentinel Calves • 4-6 months • Titers 32 suggestive of natural BVDV exposure • Vaccinated Animals • Titers  1024 suggestive of natural BVDV infection • Indicates Likely Presence of a PI Animal • Cost - $5 per sample

  42. Beef Herd BVDV Eradication Strategy Test all calves and cattle without calves including bulls to identify PI carriers at least two weeks before the breeding season Animals that test Negative Animals that test Positive Bulls and other cattle without calves that test positive Calves that test positive Retain bulls and other cattle without calves in the herd RETAIN NEGATIVE CALVES AND THEIR DAMS IN THE HERD Remove calves and their dams from breeding herd before beginning breeding Sell PI animals for slaughter only Sell calves for slaughter only Test Dams Cows that test Positive Cows that test Negative Return cow to breeding herd after weaning or selling calf Sell PI animals for slaughter only

  43. Skin Biopsy IHC • Ear Notch • Formalin • No Maternal Ab Inhibition • $20 / Slide • Up to 6 samples per slide • Sample <7 Days old PI Infection Acute Infection

  44. ACE Skin Test • Antigen Capture ELISA • Skin Sample (ear notch) • Storage • Saline • Refrigerate or Freeze • 6 months • $3-5 • PI Detection

  45. Blood Antigen Capture ELISA • Rapid: 1-3 days • Inexpensive • $3-5 • Animals >4 months old • Maternal antibody can cause false negative tests • Serum Sample • PI Screening

  46. Control and Management • Eliminate the Source -- PI Carriers!! • Test all incoming cattle for PI carriers • Quarantine all incoming cattle • 1 Month • Vaccinate all incoming cattle • Herd vaccination program • Type 1 • Type II

  47. Academy of Veterinary Consultants • The beef and dairy industries suffer enormous loss due to effects of BVDV infection. The highly mutable nature of BVDV and the emergence of highly virulent strains of BVDV contribute to limited success of present control programs. Also, persistently infected cattle are the primary source of infection and effective testing procedures are available to identify those infected carriers. • Therefore, it is the resolve of the AVC that the beef and dairy industries adopt measures to control and target eventual eradication of BVDV from North America. Approved November 2001

  48. Questions? • The HIGH RISK CALF • Pasture Management to Minimize Scours • Neonatal Calf Immunity and Vaccination • BVDV Surveillance and Eradication

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