Adam Durant (NILU); WP Leader Jürgen Mienert ( UiT ); WP co-Leader

1. MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard Adam Durant (NILU); WP Leader Jürgen Mienert (UiT); WP co-Leader Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

2. Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

3. WP1 Science Objectives Quantify present-day CH4 emissions from the ocean to the atmosphere; Identify seasonal perturbations on atmospheric CH4 quantity related to sea-ice break-up; Characterise ocean-based processes that may lead to hypothesised large releases of CH4 gas. Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

4. WP1 Description of Work NILU (lead), UiT (co-lead), GEOMAR, USGS, DLR, CEA, UCAM 1.1 Seabed-ocean methane fluxes (UiT) • In situ seabed measurements (MASOX landers and accompanying buoys with measurement instrumentation) targeting CH4 bubble release area offshore from PrinsKarlsForland 1.2 Determination of MH and oceanic emissions to the atmosphere (UiT) • Ocean-atmosphere interface CH4 fluxes and isotope abundances (USGS, GEOMAR) • Ocean column profile sampling for dissolved and gaseous CH4 and isotope abundances (GEOMAR) 1.3 Vertical profile and extended time-series measurements of atmospheric CH4 (NILU) • In situ CH4 mixing ratios and isotope abundances at Zeppelin Observatory • Aircraft-based vertical profiles of CH4 concentration and isotope abundances over the ocean around Svalbard and Siberia (collaboration with DLR, LSCE and UCAM projects) 1.4: Coordination of campaigns and measurements, dataflow and management (NILU) Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

5. 1.1 Seabed-ocean methane fluxes (UiT) UiT Underwater Methane Observatory (CAGE) Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

6. 1.1 Seabed-ocean methane fluxes (UiT) • MASOX (Monitoring Arctic Seafloor – Ocean Exchange) devices installed on seabed offshore from PrinsKarlsForland • Includes a seismometer, two Recorded Current Meters (RCM9) to measure ocean currents, conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) sensors, and a flow meter to measure the rate of gas venting and apparent pulsating behaviour of bubble plumes • Four buoys will measure the CH4 concentration of released CH4 plumes at the seabed-ocean interface, within the water column and at the ocean-atmosphere interface. • Using these devices, CH4 gas will be sampled to determine isotopic proportions of δ13-CH4 and possibly δD-CH4 for source attribution • Annual cruises during the project will be carried out using the RV HelmerHanssen (UiT). • Seismic surveys will be performed to identify the base of the GHSZ in sediments based on characteristic seismic returns • Bubble size distributions will be measured using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) • bubble dissolution • potential transport capacity of CH4 via free transport up through the ocean column. • Bubble plumes in the ocean column will be mapped using sonar • Water samples will be collected through the ocean • analysedto determine the amount of dissolved CH4 and isotopic abundances • determine the extent of microbial CH4 oxidation based on identification of δ13C fractionation in the residual CH4 • Total rate of gas release will be determined from the distribution of vents, and the type and source of gas in WP2, in cooperation with GEOMAR, USGS and RHUL Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

7. 1.2 MH / ocean-atmosphere emissions (UiT) • Ship-based atmospheric measurements over seabed installations to identify emissions from the ocean surface • Collaboration with GEOMAR and USGS • Sea surfaceequilibrator sampling system coupled to Picarro CRDS to measure sea surface CH4 and CO2concentrations • Together with atmospheric measurements this will allow direct calculation of the flux of CH4 and CO2 across the ocean-atmosphere interface. • Samples will be collected to determine isotope abundances for source attribution (USGS and GEOMAR) • Ship campaign scheduling? People involved? Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

8. 1.3 Vertical profile and extended time-series measurements of atmospheric CH4 (NILU) CH4 source discrimination based on measurement of δ13-CH4 and δD-CH4 (Melton et al., 2011) Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

9. 1.3 Vertical profile and extended time-series measurements of atmospheric CH4 (NILU) • Atmospheric CH4 measurements will be made at Svalbard, Kara and Laptev Sea from ship- and aircraft-platforms • Continuous in situ measurements at the Zeppelin Observatory • Continuous long-term measurements of CH4, CO2 and CO, and more than 20 other trace gases • Campaign measurements from ship- and aircraft-platforms • Observations at Zeppelin, and from ship- and aircraft-campaigns from previous years will also be utilised • This includes isotopic samples from and measurements from GAME project Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

10. Aircraft Campaigns and Flight Planning 2014 YAK-AEROSIB (June DLR FALCON (21-23 May 2014; 2015) NERC MAAM collaboration Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

11. DLR FALCON, Campaign 2014/2015 • Possible measurement campaign from Spitzbergen 21-23 May 2014; longer campaign in 2015 • Aircraft: Dassault Falcon 20E • Instrument payload: CO2, CH4, H2O, CH4(Picarro), soot, aerosol, MET, flask samples for isotopic analyses,… Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

12. Russian Institute of Atmospheric Optics TU-134 YAK-AEROSIB (Airborne Extensive Regional Observations in SIBeria) Campaign 2014 in collaboration with J.-D. Paris, CNRS-IPSL Siberian coastline, including Kara Sea and Laptev Sea Aircraft: Tupolev-134 Instrument payload: CO2-CH4-H2O (Picarro), O3-CO (MOZAIC package), NOx(?), aerosol (micro-lidar), equiv. BC (aethalometer), PSD (Grimm 1.109,..), meteo,… Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

13. 2014 Measurement Campaign Timing WP1 Objective 2: “Identify seasonal perturbations on atmospheric CH4 quantity related to sea-ice break-up" • Ice break-up season is of particular interest for ocean-atmosphere measurements • Ship, aircraft and isotopic sampling campaigns aimed to coincide • When will this occur? • Analysis of sea ice observations and climatological products Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

14. Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature data set (HadISST) Data analysed and graphics by Ignacio Pisso (NILU)

15. NASA NSIDC Multisensor Analyzed Sea Ice Extent product April 2012 May 2012 September 2012 July 2012 Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

16. ‘Real-time’ Flight Planning/Management FLEXPART will be used as a campaign planning tool to predict arrival of CH4 plumes via long-range transport to allow measurements in specific CH4-rich air masses (e.g., from Siberian wetlands) Forecasts will also be made by releasing a tracer from regions of suspected ocean-atmosphere transfer of CH4 for advance planning of upwind/downwind flight patterns Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

17. MAAM UK-NERC funded project • Methane and other Greenhouse Gases in the Arctic: Measurements, Process Studies and Modelling (MAMM) • Quantify the anthropogenic and natural sources of greenhouse gases – particularly methane – in the Arctic, using data from satellites as well as observations made on the ground and from ships and aircraft • Collaboration established Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

18. Other UK NERC ARP Projects Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

19. WP1 Work Schedule Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

20. 1.3 Vertical profile and extended time-series measurements of atmospheric CH4 (NILU) • Aircraft measurements • FAAM collaboration • DLR flights • Flight planning/operations and Flight Management • Where? When? Who? • Communication between project members, field team and aircraft? • Tracers? Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

21. YAK-AEROSIB 2014 Proposed Flight Routing Svalbard Dixon Salekhard Novosibirsk Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

22. YAK-AEROSIB 2014 Proposed Flight Profiles Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

23. 1.1 Seabed-ocean methane fluxes (UiT) • MASOX deployment • Where? When? Who? • MASOX instrument payload • Data management (Task 1.4 discussion?) Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

24. 1.2 Determination of MH and oceanic emissions to the atmosphere (UiT) • Ship measurements • Where? When? Who? • Data management (Task 1.4 discussion?) Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

25. 1.4: Coordination of campaigns and measurements, dataflow and management (NILU) • Explore and set up a list of platforms, instruments, time periods and contact for PIs • Data policy document (sharing restrictions, ownership, procedures,…) • Specify where data will be stored (EBAS) • Data reporting deadlines • Data descriptions/extended metadata uploaded on EBAS website (?) Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard

26. 1.4 Coordination of campaigns and measurements, dataflow and management (NILU) • Data provision protocol • How to send information about instruments and status during each flight(“real-time”?) • Preliminary data delivered after each flight (T = ?) • Finalised data uploaded to database (T = ?) • Data management ACTIONS • Explore and set up a list of platforms, instruments, time periods and contact for PIs • Data policy document (sharing restrictions, ownership, procedures,…) • Specify where data will be stored (EBAS) • Data reporting deadlines • Data descriptions/extended metadata uploaded on EBAS website (?) Adam Durant (NILU),MOCA WP1: Improved process understanding and description of the present state of the ocean and atmosphere around Svalbard