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Colorado Energy Summit Denver, CO October 14, 2011

Carbon Emissions Reduction Research The Colorado School of Mines Portfolio. Colorado Energy Summit Denver, CO October 14, 2011 Dag Nummedal, Director Colorado Energy Research Institute Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado. CERI. Changing Landscape for CO 2.

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Colorado Energy Summit Denver, CO October 14, 2011

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  1. Carbon Emissions Reduction Research The Colorado School of Mines Portfolio Colorado Energy Summit Denver, CO October 14, 2011 Dag Nummedal, DirectorColorado Energy Research Institute Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado CERI

  2. Changing Landscape for CO2 • “Official” DOE terminology: CCUS • Fuel shift to gas – capture and storage from gas plants • Australian parliament lower house passed carbon tax legislation on Oct. 12th • UN’s COP meeting in Durban in December, 2011, may approve carbon credits for CO2 use for EOR in “Annex 2 countries”

  3. More about CO2 Utilization Current CO2 usesMegatons/yr Enhanced Oil Recovery 50 Urea (captive use) 120 Food Industry (liquid) 8.5 Beverage Carbonation 8 Inorganic Carbonate/bicarbonate 8 Oil and Gas Industry non-EOR 3 Other Liquid Uses <1 Miscellaneous <1 DOE/NETL work in progress

  4. Colorado Carbon Management Centerwww.carbonmangementcenter.orgResearch Portfolio is Aligned with NAS Report June 2008: “The Need to Know” • Geological storage (CSM): MMV techs – seismic imaging, risk analysis, gas seepage detection, geomechanics, reservoir simulation, P&P changes with injection, geomicrobiology. • CO2 capture (CU-Boulder and CSM) • Terrestrial (capture/storage) (CSU):soil sequestration, decision support tools (at CSU). Regulatory, legal (e.g.who owns pore space?), greenhouse gas accounting systems (at CU-B). • Life-cycle analysis of emissions (NREL) What happens to CO2 in the subsurface and how do we know? Can we monitor CO2 once it is injected? What techniques are available to monitor whether CO2 is leaking? Is it possible to predict the long-term storage of CO2 in reservoirs?

  5. Energy Research Portfolio at CSM A total of 35 University centers • Use less • Energy Efficiency (smarter grids, better controls, advanced fuel cells) better transmisson and conversion – regardless of generating source • Reduce emissions from fossil energy • Fuel shift to lighter HC molecules (unconventional natural gas instead of coal. Unconventional gas includes: tight gas, hydrates and shale gas research. • Carbon capture and storage • 3.Fundamental research to increase penetration of renewable energy resources • Solar energy, mostly PV – three decades of experience • Biofuels – algae and cellulosic biomass • Geothermal – using CSM’s great geoscience experience • Wind energy • Reactivated our nuclear energy degree program (fuel cycle focus) • 5. Energy water nexus – environmental issues

  6. “State” Energy Centers Colorado Center for Biorefining and Biofuels (C2B2) Center for Revolutionary Solar Photoconversion (CRSP) Collaborative Research and Education in Wind (CREW) Solar Technology Acceleration Consortium (STAC) Center for Carbon Management (CMC) Center for Energy Efficiency and Management (CEEM)

  7. Alliance for Sustainable Energy A National Partnership Aug. 1, 08 - DOE Selects ASE (Alliance for Sustainable Energy) to Manage and Operate its National Renewable Energy Laboratory ASE is a limited liability company consisting of Battelle Memorial Institute and Midwest Research Institute as NREL contract holder, and five partner universities on the board

  8. International CCS Collaboration CSM CCS faculty have strong links with Norway (UiB, UiO, NTNU, Gassnova, Statoil Canada (CMC, Regina) Japan (U Kyoto) China (Beijing U, CU Petroleum, CU Geosciences) Britain (Imperial) Sweden (Uppsala) India (DGH - New Delhi; Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute, Oil India Ltd.) Carbon sequestration proposal in review (NETL), between CSM and SUCCESS (Nøttvedt, Ågård), CO2CRC (Peter Cook), Curtin University (Mark Woffenden) and Kyoto U.

  9. Extra Slides • Technical project highlights

  10. Migration of CO2 from Horizontal Injectors at Weyburn Field, Canada (time-lapse 2002-2000) RMS Amplitude % Difference, 2000-2002 Edge of salt dissolution Tom Davis, 2002 Fingering

  11. Reservoir Characterization Project Phase XII Time-Lapse AI Difference : Decrease in AI 7.5 11-4 11-2 10-2 10-3 5.0 2.5 1.7 % difference in Acoustic Impedance Monitor – baseline Dec 2008 – March 2008 -1.7 -2.5 WAG injectors water injectors producers -5.0 Potential drilling location Alana Robinson -7.5 2.5 mile Tom Davis, 2010 12

  12. Schematic of CO2 storage in reservoirs showing the effects of conductive and healed fractures on the migration of CO2. Fracture Geomechanics PROJECT OBJECTIVE - To characterize and quantify the hydro-thermo- mechanical (HTM) response of rock fractures in CO2 storage reservoirs through experimental and numerical studies. PROJECT TASKSTasks - Laboratory and numerical modeling studies of non-isothermal andmultiphase fluid flow and transport in fractured porous rocks. Marte Gutierrez

  13. 13C CH3 Subsurface Bacteria CO2(injected) Dissolved organic carbon Fossil organic carbon Bacterial lipids reflect isotopic signature of carbon source Bacterial lipids reflect biotransformation of subsurface carbon Kevin Mandernack

  14. Convective Mixing (Adapted from data provided by CMG) Yu-Shu Wu + LBL Colleagues Kneafsey & Pruess, 2010 (Simulation & Experiment) • Convective mixing is an instability • CO2 plume will migrate to abovethe brine due to buoyancy • Dissolved CO2 increases thedensity of brine below • The heavier brine sinks into thelighter brine below, generatinga convection • Convection enhancesmixing and solubilitytrapping

  15. Porosity and Permeability of Shales after Carbon Sequestration: A nanoscale approach Aim is to quantify changes in pore networks in mudstones at submicron scales after reaction with brine and supercritical CO2 using high resolution imaging, small angle neutron scattering, and laboratory small-scale experiments Illite-smectite clay (bar is 10 micrometers long) USGS Fact Sheet FS-020-97 High-resolution imaging -TEM Scattering observed in small angle neutron scattering Katherine Mouzakis, Alexis Sitchler, John McCray

  16. Simulating CO2 Leakage and Metal Mobilization Through Cap Rocks • - Numerical simulations of CO2 injection into dolomiticWeyburn reservoir with multiphase reactive transport model PFLOTRAN • Assess gas & brine leakage and metal mobilization through the caprock and intermediate zone (IZ). • Plans to add mixed gases (Sox, CO2) -Cantucci, B., Montegrossi, G., Vaselli, O., Tassi, F., Quattrocchi, F., Perkins, E.H.,: Geochemical Modeling of CO2 storage in deep reserviors: The Weyburn Project (Canada) case study. Chem. Geology. 265, 181-197 (2009) - http://www.co2crc.com.au/imagelibrary3/storage.php Hanna Menke, Alexis Sitchler, Reed Maxwell, Peter Lichtner, John McCray

  17. Carbon Sequestration and Risk to Drinking Water Aquifers John McCray, Alexis Sitchler, John Kaszuba, Reed Maxwell

  18. Questions from Jim Spiers • The President’s Interagency Task Force on Carbon Capture and Storage states: “The lack of comprehensive climate change legislation is the key barrier to CCS deployment. • Introductions: • Dr. Dag Nummedal, overview role, with introduction of the Colorado Energy Research Institute at Colorado School of Mines, what is the state of carbon regulation or lack thereof in the United States and what are the prospects; • See notes at opening of Boulder meeting.  Use some slides of CSM and CMC.   • 1.      Assuming the legislative log jam is solved or carbon mitigation becomes a front burner topic, what are the prospects of the current approach to CCS being a significant part of the solution? Dag • 2.      If we do have viable terrestrial sequestration sites, what are the prospects of federal or state solutions to the liability and long-term storage issues?  Dag, federal/Chris, state • 3.      Wow, even if the carbon regulation is hazy, there doesn’t appear to be any great solution out there.  What are the current solutions and what are their prospects, such as EOR?  Dag and Chris • 4.      If we get breakthroughs in research, what will it take to grow it to utility scale? Dag and Bruce • 5.      The paper in press for Willey journal

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