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Sensitivity of the Western Mediterranean Sea to Holocene climate variability

1/16. Sensitivity of the Western Mediterranean Sea to Holocene climate variability. CLIVAR seminar : Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009). Isabel Cacho 1 , Gemma Herrera 1 , Jaume Frigola 1 , Miquel Canals 1 & Ana Moreno 2

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Sensitivity of the Western Mediterranean Sea to Holocene climate variability

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  1. 1/16 Sensitivity of the Western Mediterranean Sea to Holocene climate variability CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) Isabel Cacho1, Gemma Herrera1, Jaume Frigola1, Miquel Canals1 & Ana Moreno2 1 GRC Geociències Marines,Universitat de Barcelona 2 Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología – CSIC - Zaragoza

  2. 2/16 Outline • Sensitivity of the W Mediterranean surface and deep waters to past rapid climate variability • Climate instability/stability along the Holocene • Response of the W Mediterranean to Holocene millennial-centennial climate variability • Summary and future lines CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009)

  3. GISP2 Warm Cold 3/16 Past climate variability in Greenland Holocene CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) Age (ka BP) Dansgaard et al. (1993) Dansgaard-Oeschger Cycles

  4. 4/16 Greenland-Mediterranean connections CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009)

  5. D-O variability in Mediterranean SST -32 Y D H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 -34 -36 i c e -38 d O ( ‰ ) 1 8 -40 -42 -44 20 18 16 Alkenone SST (°C) 14 10 Emiliania huxleyi 12 8 6 10 ( % ) 4 8 2 0 0 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 40 45 45 50 50 A A g g e e ( ( c c a a l l . . k k y y r r B B . . P P . . ) ) N. pachyderma (s) 5/16 GISP2 Greenland MD95-2043 Alboran Sea GISP2 Dome (Greenland) CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) N. pachyderma (s) Cacho et al. 1999 (Paleoceanography)

  6. 45° Mar Golfo de Mar Adri ático Le ón Negro 40° Mar Mar Tirrreno Egeo Estrecho de Gibraltar Estrecho Golfo de Mar de Sicilia C ádiz 35° Jónico Mar de Alborán Cuenca Levatina -10 ° -5 ° -0 ° 5 ° 10 ° 15 ° 20 ° 25 ° 30 ° 35 ° 15 35.5 35.0 35.0 17.0 38.0 18.2 >38.0 >38.0 20 37.5 35.5 Depth 37.5 39.0 (m) 36.0 38.5 37.0 37.0 >39.0 36.5 38.0 0 38.4 MAW >20.0 38.0 36.0 >39.0 39.0 38.75 ? 38.5 38.5 LIW MOW LIW 38.4 1,000 38.75 LIW 36.0 SICILIA SILL MALTA SILL ALBORAN SILL 35.5 38.4 GIBRALTAR SILL 38.65 38.65 WMDW 2,000 38.65 EMDW EMDW CRETA SILL 3,000 RHODOS SILL 4,000 o o o o 20 25 30 35 E o o o o o o 10 W 5 0 5 E 10 15 6/16 D-O variability in WMDW? CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009)

  7. Y D H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 -32 -34 -36 G I S P 2 -38 d O ( ‰ ) 1 8 -40 2.8 -42 -44 3.2 3.6 d O ( ‰ ) 1 8 4 0.4 4.4 0.8 4.8 d C ( ‰ ) 1 3 1.2 1.6 12 2 8 Polar Circulation Index GISP2 4 0 -4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Age cal. Kyr B.P. D-O variability in WMDW 7/16 Colder/saltier WMDW CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) More oxygenated WMDW More intense atmospheric circulation Cacho et al., 2001 (Earth Planet. Sc. L.); Cacho et al., 2006 (QSR)

  8. Interstadial Mode: Pour ventilated WMDW Stadial Mode: Well ventilated WMDW Y D H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 MD95-2043 (dark) and MD99-2343 (light) 2.8 d18O (‰) 3.2 Colder/saltier WMDW 3.6 4 4.4 4.8 0.4 More oxygenated WMDW d13C (‰) 0.8 1.2 1.6 Cacho et al., 2001 (EPSL) and 2006 (QSR) Sierro et al., 2005 (Paleoc.) 2 10 20 30 50 40 8/16 Modes ofWMDW variability CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009)

  9. 9/16 Holocene Atmospheric Variability CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) Mayewski et al. 2004 (Quat. Res.)

  10. 10/16 Holocene variability in North Atlantic Ocean CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) Bond et al., (1997) • Holocene ice rafted events: • fresh volcanic glass and hematite-stained grains

  11. 11/16 Viking expansion during the MWP CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009)

  12. Holocene Variability in the Mediterranean (I) 20 18 16 14 2000 12 1600 10 1200 800 400 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12/16 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 -32 GISP2 - Greenland -34 d18O (‰) -36 -38 MD 95-2043 - Alboran -40 -42 8.2 event Alkenone SST (ºC) CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) C37 Alkenones (ng/g) Last ORL Age (cal. Ky BP) Cacho et al., 2002 (JMS) Rogerson et al 2008 (G3)

  13. -32 -34 -34 -36 -34.4 -38 Holocene Variability in the Mediterranean (II) -34.8 -40 -42 -35.2 0 1 2 20 3 18 70 16 60 50 14 40 30 3.1 20 3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 0 4 8 12 13/16 GISP2 d18O (‰) ice d18O (‰) ice Alboran Sea d18O (‰) G. bulloides Menorca Rise Fastest Deep water current Stronger WMDW overturning Alboran SST SST (ºC) CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) UP10 (%) Si/Al Age (ka BP) Frigola et al., 2007 (Paleoceanography) & 2008 (Quarter. Inter.)

  14. Holocene Variability in the Mediterranean (III) 22 20 70 18 60 50 16 40 30 3.1 20 3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 0 4 8 12 14/16 Fastest Deep water current Stronger WMDW overturning Menorca SST SST (ºC) ? ? UP10 (%) CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) Si/Al Age (ka BP) Frigola et al., 2007 (Paleoceanography); Herrera unpublished

  15. 15/16 Potential causes of Holocene Variability in the Mediterranean CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009) Could a persistent/intense +NAO state cause Holocene events of enhance WMDW overturning?

  16. Summary 1. Mediterranean Sea has been very sensitive to past rapid climate variability, inducing changes in both surface and deep water masses 2. Western Mediterranean Deep Water cell was very sensitive to Holocene climate variability: - Recurrent events of faster deep water currents - Parallel cooling of surface layer (1.5-3ºC) Future Lines 1. Precise characterization of the Holocene variability: reproducing present records at different sites and with different proxies and with improved timing constrain. 2. Reconstruct water properties at deep and also intermediate water layer.

  17. extra Acknowledgments • Consolider GRACCIE: Multidisciplinary Research Consortium on GRadual and Abrupt Climate Changes, and their Impacts on the Environment • The Comer Science & Education Foundation (USA) CLIVAR seminar: Clima en España, Pasado, Presente y futuro (Madrid, 11-13 febrero 2009)

  18. Announcement Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study

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