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Ch. 3: Interaction

Ch. 3: Interaction. Introduction – 3.1 (Reading Assignment – RA) Models – 3.2, 3.3 (RA) Ergonomics or Human Factors – 3.4 (RA) Interaction Styles – 3.5,3.6,3.7,3.8 Context – 3.9 (RA) Conclusion – 3.10 (RA). Interaction Models. Why use models

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Ch. 3: Interaction

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  1. Ch. 3: Interaction • Introduction – 3.1 (Reading Assignment – RA) • Models – 3.2, 3.3 (RA) • Ergonomics or Human Factors – 3.4 (RA) • Interaction Styles – 3.5,3.6,3.7,3.8 • Context – 3.9 (RA) • Conclusion – 3.10 (RA)

  2. Interaction Models • Why use models • Models and frameworks provide a theoretical basis for design, analysis and evaluation • We will discuss two models • Some terminology • Domain, tasks, goals, intentions, actions • System and user: state and language

  3. Norman’s Model • Execution-evaluation cycle • Execution • Establishing a goal • Formulating intentions • Specifying actions • Executing actions • Evaluation • Perceiving the system state • Interpreting the system state • Evaluating the system state

  4. Two Gulfs • Gulf of execution • Difference between actions formulated by the user and actions allowed by the system. The lesser this difference, the more effective the interaction. • Gulf of evaluation • Difference between user’s expectation of state changes and the system’s presentation of its changed state. The more effort user has to expend to interpret this presentation, the less effective the interaction. • Very important when designing error messages.

  5. Good Design Minimize both gulfs Thinking assignment: come up with examples of each gulf from any interactive system that you are familiar with, and explain the gulfs

  6. The Interaction Framework O Observation Presentation S U Articulation Performance I

  7. The Interaction Framework • Interaction requires translation between the 4 languages of user, input, system and output • Language of thought: intentions, comprehension • System’s interface command language • System’s underlying computations • System’s interface presentation language • Articulation: intentions > commands • Performance: syntax > execution • Presentation: execution > presentation • Observation: presentation > comprehension

  8. The Interaction Framework • Articulation • Larger the gulf of execution, the more difficulty user will face in translating intentions to actions • Conversely, if articulation is easy, gulf of execution will be small • Example: GUIs vs. Command-line interfaces for file operations • Performance • A system design issue: implementation cost • Example: immersive VR vs. Command-line

  9. The Interaction Framework • Presentation • An interface design issue: interface must be sufficiently expressive to show all relevant system changes • Important in minimizing the gulf of evaluation • Observation • Problems: incompleteness of the presentation and misinterpretation by user • Examples: stove controls, progress meters

  10. The Interaction Framework • Interaction difficulties arise when presentation, observation and/or articulation are incomplete or difficult to accomplish. • System inefficiencies arise when performance and presentation are poorly designed. • Thinking assignments: • Come up with examples of articulation and observation problems from any interactive system that you are familiar with. • Understand how these two models are related.

  11. Human Factors • Study of the physical characteristics of interaction • Issues: • Physical layout of controls and displays • Design of work environment • Health issues • Aspects of presentations: color, sound etc • Reading assignment: 3.4, especially the design focus, p.112 • If you are interested in pursuing a HF topic for the report/presentation project, see proceedings of the annual meetings of human factors and ergonomics society and the journal Human Factors.

  12. Next Topic • Interaction Objects & Styles • Read 3.5 and 3.6 from the text AND • All of Ch. 3 in Reference

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