Models for argumentation

1. Models for argumentation A Summary Presentation EN102 Professor Opaleski-DiMeo

2. Classical Model • Basic Strategy: Writer states the claim and gives reasons to prove it. Writer refutes the opponent by showing what is wrong or invalid. • Goal : Writer seeks to change opponent's mind and thereby win the argument. • Ethos: Writer establishes own character by demonstrating competence, fair-mindedness, and goodwill. May or may not cite research to enhance credibility • Logos: Writer appeals to reason to establish a claim and refute the opponent's claim. • Pathos: Writer arouses emotions with evocative language and strong examples to strengthen the claim. • Use of argumentative techniques: Writer draws on the conventional structures and techniques.

3. Classical Model of Argumentation: 1. Introduction: captures attention of audience; urges audience to consider your case; try one of the introduction techniques: anecdote, vignette, quote, definition or rhetorical question 2) Statement of Background: narrates the key facts and/or events leading up to your case; sets context; provides any information the audience needs to know about the environment and circumstances that produce the argument, and set up the stakes-what’s at risk in this question. 3) Proposition: states the position you are taking, based on the information you’ve already presented, and sets up the structure of the rest of your argument – (called claim or thesis)

4. Classical Model of Argumentation 4)Proof: discusses your reasons for your position and provides evidence to support each reason; • use 3 appeals: pathos (emotions), logos (logic) and ethos (values/credibility) 5) Refutation: anticipates the leading opposing viewpoint; then demonstrates why your approach is the only acceptable one (i.e. better than your opponents’); one objection with a lengthy rebuttal 6) Conclusion: summarizes your most important points and can include appeals to pathos; connects back to your introduction strategy

5. Classical Model - Assignment Period 4 B day • Go to the class page under “Argument”; scroll down to “Classical Model”. Then, read the three student sample essays( online learning, fate versus free will, and dogs versus cats). Create a chart in Google Docs with the following. You may work with a partner. • Identify the following in EACH essay sample • The introduction strategy (quote, definition, anecdote, vignette, startling fact, rhetorical question) • The three appeals – ethos, logos and pathos • The refutation (the counterpoint+ rebuttal) SUBMIT to Turnitin for credit!

6. Classical Model Draft • Write a classical argument (2-3 pages) in which you defend, challenge or qualify the statement: “Bystanders have the responsibility to intervene when there is trouble, conflict or danger.” • If you use outside sources, please cite! • Submit to Turnitin by 6am as we will be reviewing drafts through there.

7. Classical Self-Evaluation • After composing your own Classical argument and reading a peer’s paper, how well do you think you understand the Classical Model format? • What are the strengths of your draft? • What are the areas with which you struggled? • Do you need any further assistance/resources from me?

8. Classical Draft Feedback • Get a chrome book, log into Turnitin and review my feedback AND your peer’s feedback on your first draft. Be prepared to share out the most valuable suggestion given. • Also, resources have been added on the class page under Classical Model to enhance your understanding of appeals.