1 / 96

Bahan kajian MK. Agroekologi PENGELOAAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM UNTUK PRODUKSI PANGAN Prof Dr Ir Soemarno, pslp-ppsub-2009

Bahan kajian MK. Agroekologi PENGELOAAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM UNTUK PRODUKSI PANGAN Prof Dr Ir Soemarno, pslp-ppsub-2009. Perkembangan Produksi Pangan

channer
Download Presentation

Bahan kajian MK. Agroekologi PENGELOAAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM UNTUK PRODUKSI PANGAN Prof Dr Ir Soemarno, pslp-ppsub-2009

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Bahan kajian MK. Agroekologi PENGELOAAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM UNTUK PRODUKSI PANGAN Prof Dr Ir Soemarno, pslp-ppsub-2009

  2. Perkembangan Produksi Pangan Saat ini di dunia timbul kekawatiran mengenai keberlanjutan produksi pangan sejalan dengan semakin beralihnya lahan pertanian ke non pertanian untuk kebutuhan perumahan, perkatoran, lokasi industri yang diakibatkan semakin meningkatnya pertumbuhan penduduk dan industri. Dalam rangka antsipasi untuk menyediakan pangan di Indonesia mendatang, maka berikut disajikan tentang perkembangan produksi pangan. Laju pertumbuhan produksi pangan ini relatif rendah, bahkan untuk produksi padi cenderung konstan. Keadaan ini terjadi karena luas areal produksi pangan yang cenderung menurun.

  3. Sustainable Food Production: Developing the Principles There are several related principles of sustainable food production, but probably the most central, is not to use resources faster than they renew. A common example I´ve used is that if you want to cut one 50-year-old tree a year, you need to have 50 trees growing of that kind, from seedling to 49 years old. As long as you have all these trees growing, you can cut one 50-year-old tree a year indefinitely, and sustain the forest in its present size. That might seem more important for forestry than food production, but when we look at the problems of maintaining fertile soil in many areas of the world, trees become a logical source of food, as they produce fruit, nuts, and fodder for animals. The plant nutrients of soil are a resource, than can easily be used faster than they will renew under the plow. Perennial plants like trees can help to solve this problem, as well as reducing needed energy use to pull cultivating tools. Which is once more, following the principle of not using resources faster than they renew, to avoid using too much energy, whether from fossil fuel, or anything else.

  4. Sejumlah petani di Kab.Bandung mempercepat masa penanaman padi musim kedua, dengan memanfaatkan cadangan air yang masih mencukupi pada musim kemarau ini. Mereka berharap dapat memanen pada bulan Oktober, sehingga dalam setahun dapat kembali melakukan penanaman sampai tiga kali. Sejumlah petani padi di Kec.Soreang, Selasa (30/6) tengah membajak lahan-lahan sawah mereka. Cadangan air diperhitungkan akan mencukupi sampai dua bulan ke depan, sehingga diharapkan tanaman padi mereka selamat dipanen. Hanya saja, banyak petani mengeluhkan berkurangnya pasokan air, walau musim hujan tahun ini lebih panjang. Pasalnya, banyak oknum perusahaan pengembang dan calo tanah, menyabotase irigasi sehingga banyak sawah menjadi kekurangan air sehingga terkesan kurang produktif lagi. www.pikiran-rakyat.com/index.php?mib=news.det...

  5. Land and water management Two of the most important agricultural resources, land and water, are crucial for the well being of the Asia-Pacific region, which is home to nearly three-fourths of the world’s agricultural population. However, Asia-Pacific tillers have to depend on about 28 percent of the world’s cropland with the land available per person for cultivation being just one-sixth of the average in the rest of the world.

  6. Land and water management A growing population is adding to pressure on arable land. To meet its increasing food needs, the region will have to produce more food largely from the existing farmlands because there is very little land available for physical expansion. This can be done only by increasing crop yields and stepping up cropping intensity.

  7. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR While new farm technologies can bring about dramatic gains in crop yields, much depends on the state of land and water resources. A major problem is land degradation, which is caused in the region largely by water and wind erosion. A joint study of land degradation in South Asia by FAO, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) found that water and wind erosion respectively damage 25 and 18 percent of the subregion’s total land. Latest estimates show that in China water erosion affects 34 percent of the total cultivated land and wind erosion a further 2 percent. In Thailand, approximately 34 percent of the total land area is affected by water erosion. Deforestation, excessive use of chemical fertilizers, soil erosion and excessive extraction of groundwater are major causes of land degradation in the region. With more than half of the world’s 30 largest cities located in the region, rapid industrialization and urbanization are also responsible for swallowing up and affecting arable land.

  8. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR Farms in the Asia-Pacific region account for more than half of the world’s agricultural water use with 60 percent of the world’s water being consumed by the region in 2000. The region has some of the wettest and driest spots on earth. Irrigation systems are not only costly, but they are also inefficient. It is estimated that up to 60 percent of the water diverted or pumped for irrigation is not used for plant production. The region must give priority attention to modernizing water delivery and irrigation systems.

  9. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR Countries in the region need conservation techniques to combat land degradation. Integrated watershed management is one of the best ways of developing rainfed areas. This has conservation and development aspects, arresting and reversing land and ecological degradation while producing material benefits to local communities in the form of food, fodder and forest and livestock products. Appropriate technologies should also be adopted to reduce and prevent soil erosion, which is a serious problem in hilly areas. These include correct tillage practices, land formation techniques and stabilization structures. The Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) to increase soil fertility can also help in reducing soil erosion.

  10. BUDIDAYA PADI SAWAH

  11. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR Priority areas have been (1) improved management and sustainable use of land and water resources for food security; and (2) enhanced livelihoods, with emphasis on supporting improved irrigation systems, sustainable land management and soil conservation, biodiversity and fertility. In collaboration with national institutions, a workshop and project were carried out to promote land evaluation and land-use planning systems and tools, and to promote sustainable agricultural systems to address land degradation and desertification, biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration and reduced emissions.

  12. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR The FAO regional office has launched a new Web site dedicated to the modernization of irrigation systems - visit www.watercontrol.org. The Web site focuses on design, performance, operation, management and upgrading of medium- or large-scale irrigation systems. Tools for use in the appraisal, benchmarking and upgrading of irrigation systems for modernization and their upgrading are provided as well as training materials and programmes on the operation and management, modernization and benchmarking of irrigation schemes. Training materials can be consulted online and downloaded from the Web site. Two projects were carried out to promote the development of location-specific standards on nutrient management, and the establishment and implementation of bio-organic fertilizer standards. Investment in land and water (RAP 2002/09) explains the urgent need for arresting and reversing the decline in investment in land and water development in Asia-Pacific countries. Irrigation needs about one-third of the US$30.7 billion additional annual investment required in agriculture in developing countries to ensure food security.

  13. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR How design, management and policy affect the performance of irrigation projects (RAP 2002/20) is a contribution to an emerging understanding that physical and institutional reforms of the irrigation sector should be combined, and that irrigation management transfer is not only about transferring operation functions but also governance to the irrigation users and a combination of the two at different levels.

  14. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR In September 2003, an agreement was signed in Bangkok, Thailand between the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoAC) and FAO for the introduction and demonstration of new techniques for the sustainable use of soils for crop production. The project will introduce appropriate techniques for the rehabilitation and management of problem soils, particularly in rainfed agriculture. Essential and validated information on land use and land cover will contribute to improved analysis, planning and decision-making with regard to food security and poverty alleviation. www.nusapenida.blog.com/

  15. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR The project is introducing drought- and salt-tolerant crops and assisting farmers in sharing the available irrigation water in an equitable and efficient manner. Farmers and related government officials are being trained on drainage management and on-farm irrigation, irrigation technology, field levelling, water accounting and modification of local farm machinery for conservation agriculture for small independent farmers in KK.

  16. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR The Asia Soil Conservation Network for the Humid Tropics (ASOCON) was formed with UNDP/FAO support in 1989 and became a quasi-legal entity in June 1993. The ultimate objective is to help small-scale farmers use their land sustainably and productively.

  17. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR The Third International Vetiver Conference was held in Guanzhou, Guangdong Province, in southern China in October 2003. The theme of the conference was "Vetiver System’s (VS) application to improve water quality and distribution in the environment". Topics included application of VS for: runoff control, groundwater recharge, erosion control and slope stabilization, pollution control and water quality protection, purification of landfill and mining lactates, earthworks, stabilization, plant production, extension strategies, and other grasses for water and soil conservation. The network is concerned mainly with the rational use, management and conservation of problem soils within the Asia-Pacific region in a sustainable and environmentally sound manner.

  18. PENGELOLAAN LAHAN DAN AIR Pertumbuhan tanaman di lahan kering sangat dipengaruhi oleh keadaan curah hujan. Untuk menghindari resiko kegagalan panen, pemilihan waktu tanam dan varietas harus tepat. Apabila waktu tanam pada suatu lokasi pengembangan telah diketahui, maka langkah selanjutya adalah menyusun pola tanam. Dalam penyusunan pola tanam, selain aspek biofisik, pola tanam yang telah berkembang pada masyarakat setempat juga harus diperhatikan, sehingga pola tanam yang dikembangkan bukan merupakan sesuatu yang baru sama sekali tetapi merupakan pengembangan dari pola tanam yang telah ada. Pola tanam di lahan tegal di wilayah Banjarnegara pada MH I adalah ubi kayu monokultur, tumpangsari antara ubikayu-jagung atau ubikayu-padi gogo atau ubikayu-kacang tanah dengan populasi masing-masing 100%. Dengan mengubah tata letak tanaman ubikayu menjadi baris ganda, maka memungkinkan kacang tanah ditanam kembali pada MH II di antara tanaman ubikayu baik setelah jagung, padi gogo atau kacang tanah pertama. Hal ini berarti akan terjadi penambahan luas pertanaman kacang tanah. Dengan menambah intensitas tanam berarti akan meningkatkan produksi dan sekaligus menambah pendapatan petani.

  19. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI Fertile land and favourable weather conditions make the Asia-Pacific region a major producer of cereals (rice, wheat and maize), legumes, vegetables, fruits and industrial crops like rubber, coconut, pepper and oil-palm. The region produces 90 percent of the world’s rice, which is Asia’s most important food crop and the staple diet for three-fifths of the global population. Rice provides more than half the daily dietary energy of over three billion people in the region. A number of Asian countries are now self-sufficient in rice production; the current annual harvest of 524 million tonnes is expected to grow to 700 million tonnes by 2025. However, the region is adding 51 million rice consumers to its population annually while the land and water resources that are available for rice farms are declining steadily; increasing numbers of marginal farmers in the Asia-Pacific region are depending on degraded farmlands. The key to future food security in Asia lies in boosting farm yields without damaging the natural resource base, reducing the rate of population increase and diversifying the food basket. FAO is helping to increase rice outputs in Asian countries where paddy yields are lower compared to the region’s efficient rice-farming nations.

  20. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI Also, FAO is encouraging Asian rice farmers to combine their harvests with new crop types, including hitherto neglected species, vegetables, fruits, herbs and spices, medicinal plants and cash crops. Crop and farming system diversification that includes, inter alia, livestock husbandry, will not only increase food variety, but also help to reduce the environmental, economic and nutritional risks associated with planting only one type of crop. Expanding rice production has, moreover, reduced profits from paddy farming. FAO advocates farming diversification by rearing livestock, planting higher value horticultural and cash crops and marketing value-added products of all commodities as the best protection against falling farm produce prices. In Asia and the Pacific, higher value crops produce 10 to 15 times the net returns per hectare of rice. The region produces over 50 percent of the world’s industrial crops mainly via smallholders. Industrial crops cover about 20 percent of available land in the region.

  21. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI Effective plant quarantine measures keep farm pests and diseases from spreading. Developing countries in the region have to conform to new international plant quarantine standards being developed under the new world trade rules. While protecting farm harvests from pests and crop diseases, it is important to ensure that the methods used do not cause irreparable damage to the agrarian ecology and human health. FAO is promoting IPM techniques to eliminate the use of expensive chemical pest killers that are known to be harmful for farms and consumers. In addition, FAO is encouraging organic farming such as organic coffee, pepper, vegetables and fruits.

  22. Potensi ladang jagung di Indonesia sengatlah besar, karena tanaman jagung merupakan tanaman yang tergolong kuat dan dapat ditanam di berbagai jenis tanah. Selain sebagai bahan baku pakan ternak, jagung juga sebagai cadangan pangan pengganti beras disebagian wilayah di Indonesia.Setelah olah lahan, berikan pupuk kandang sebanyak 10 ton/ha diberikan sepanjang larikan tanaman sebelum tanam. Kemudian berikan larutan Golden Harvest (1 liter Golden Harvest : air max 200 liter) pada setiap titik tanam. Tahap ini diperlukan 2 liter Golden Harvest per hektar.Dengan budidaya yang baik dan menggunakan teknologi Golden Harvest, potensi yang sedemikian besar tersebut akan dapat diraih.Tanaman mengikuti alur bajak, jagung ditanam sistem baris ganda dengan jarak tanam 40 x 25 cm, 1 tan/rumpun sebanyak 2 baris, dan jarak antar baris ganda berikutnya 3 m. eri5on.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html

  23. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI For food and horticultural crops, the focus has been on cropping systems that promote high value crops; more effective management of resources in smallholders’ cropping systems; higher productivity and sustainable crop production in tropical environments; sustainable intensification of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems; integrated crop management; IPM; and support to the International Rice Commission. For industrial crops, activities targeted the development of underutilized species; improved cropping systems and crop diversification; IPM; and support to regional institutions. A technically sound, environmentally friendly and farmer-focused IPM strategy with corresponding participatory training activities will be developed and implemented.

  24. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI An on-farm grain storage project was formulated for Timor-Leste with the support of UNDP/EU. Support was also provided in reviewing the prospects for industrial crops, the formulation of a coconut oil project and a feasibility study for palm oil production. An upgraded soil analysis facility for rice and maize production in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) has resulted in cost-effective fertilizer use recommendations. A bio-organic fertilizer standard has been established in Lao PDR, contributing to better quality fertilizer for farmers.

  25. Rural Asia-Pacific: Inter-disciplinary strategies to combat hunger and poverty. The rice-based livelihood-support systems (RAP 2002/12) identifies sustainable strategies to yield more food, incomes and livelihoods in line with the vision of eradicating hunger and rural poverty in the Asia-Pacific rice lands over the next three decades. The publication examines the potential of the wide range of rice-based farming systems in the region to meet the food and livelihood security demands that will be made on them in the coming decades. It outlines a menu of interdisciplinary strategies and interventions to enable the rice-based systems to live up to the challenge and the role that FAO can play. From farmer field school to community IPM: Ten years of IPM training in Asia (RAP 2002/15) is a comprehensive account of IPM as a farmer-centred and local needs-responsive approach, which was developed on the rice farms of Southeast Asia to tackle the risks arising from excessive pesticide use promoted by the green revolution. The publication includes step-by-step instructions on organizing and running farmers’ field schools along with detailed case studies of farmers’ field schools in Southeast Asia as well as several personal experiences of farmers who gained from the programme. A separate section outlines the IPM programme activities in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam.

  26. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI The lychee crop in Asia and the Pacific (RAP 2002/16) provides a comprehensive account of the origin, distribution, production and trade of different species of this commercially important fruit crop that is cultivated mainly in Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal, Thailand and Viet Nam. These countries produce more than 1.8 million tonnes of the about two million tonnes of lychee crop cultivated annually in Asia, which accounts for over 95 percent of the world lychee harvest. The Technical Consultation on Biological Risk Management in Food and Agriculture met in Bangkok, Thailand in January 2003. The aim was to consult governments on the possibilities to harmonize, where appropriate, methods of risk analysis to enhance capacity building, where needed, particularly in developing countries and countries with economies in transition and to establish an official information exchange system on biological risk management in food and agriculture ("biosecurity"). FAO has established a Priority Area for Interdisciplinary Action on Biosecurity to coordinate this process within the organization. The first regional consultation of the FAO project Capacity building in biosafety of genetically modified crops in Asia, which was convened in Bangkok in July 2003, identified country-specific strengths and weaknesses relating to national capacities, including legislation, regulations and policies for the biosafety of GM crops. It also addressed the prioritization of the support needed in enhancing the biosafety capacities of the participating countries.

  27. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI Pacific PestNet: Meeting plant protection needs in the 21st century (2003-2005): The objective of the project is to develop and promote an effective e-mail network ("PestNet") among Pacific Island countries (PICs) by effectively addressing farmers’ plant protection needs and enhancing delivery of pest diagnoses, quarantine information and advice to farmers. PestNet will facilitate the identification of pests and diseases by means of digital photos, which are to be linked to existing databases such as EcoPort. Relevant training on pest identification and database management will be provided and a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) survey will assess farmers’ perceptions and needs in the participating countries. FAO’s assistance will contribute to improving plant protection decision-making at the farm level through better access by farmers to demand-driven services for the identification and control of crop pests and diseases.

  28. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI The 7th international IFOAM organic trade conference and the seminar on production and export of organic fruit and vegetables in Asia (jointly convened by FAO, IFOAM [International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements] and Green Net from Thailand) were conducted from 1 to 10 November 2003 in Bangkok. The plenary sessions, workshops and seminars addressed a broad spectrum of important themes necessary for the further development of organic markets. In addition to numerous presentations and discussions surrounding the Organic Guarantee System and the movement’s efforts to harmonize standards and certification, the conference also emphasized the importance and benefits of interlinking fair trade and organic agriculture.

  29. Animal production and health

  30. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI Millions of rural households in Asia-Pacific countries depend on domesticated animals for food, draught power and income. The region has 30 percent of the world’s livestock species. Though livestock food products are still not a significant part of the diet in developing Asia-Pacific countries, consumption is growing rapidly. Developing Asian countries now have the world’s highest growth rates of production and consumption of food derived from livestock. Meat production in the region grew from about nine million tonnes in 1961 to more than 90 million tonnes by the end of the twentieth century. Small farmers account for the bulk of the livestock production, combining this with cropping and other agricultural activities. Traditionally, income from the sale of milk, meat, manure and other basic livestock products has protected small farmers from the shock of crop failure and provided a steady livelihood for marginal farmers who do not have other agricultural resources. Ownership of livestock also helps to alleviate hunger among the poor. Possession of livestock, which feed on open grazing lands, allows the rural poor to take advantage of common property resources to earn income. Livestock also provide a substantial amount of draught power on Asia-Pacific farms. According to one estimate in 1985, the 30 million draught animals then in use on Asia’s small farms did work equivalent to the same number of tractors.

  31. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI The considerable growth in the region’s poultry and pig meat industries - the latter accounted for 55 percent of all meat production in 2000 - is promoting a shift from pasture-based production systems to feed cropping. Some countries have to depend on feed imports to meet the needs of the livestock industry. Prevention, control and eradication of communicable livestock diseases are central to FAO’s livestock development priorities. Some animal diseases can also be transmitted to humans such as the Nipah virus, which devastated Malaysia’s pig industry and claimed more than 100 human lives in 1998 and 1999. A number of emerging diseases with the potential to infect humans have been identified in the past ten years. Over the past 25 years, developing Asian countries have introduced several exotic livestock species in a bid to increase productivity. However, most of these introductions - usually through crossbreeding - have not been successful. Reasons range from increased feed consumption, lower reproductive rates and greater disease susceptibility of the new breeds, to the debts of local farmers who are unable to repay loans taken to procure the exotic species.

  32. Peternakan Bebek Peternakan bebek yang ada di desa ini ada 2 jenis, yaitu bebek musiman dan bebek yang selalu ada setiap saat. Bebek musiman yang dimaksud di sini adalah jika ada orang yang menitipkan bebeknya di peternakan tersebut. Bebek yang ada di desa ini adalah jenis bebek petelur.

  33. PRODUKSI TANAMAN & PROTEKSI Livestock development is also threatened by the disappearance of indigenous breeds. Every week, the world loses two breeds of domestic animals, according to a joint study by FAO and UNEP. The Asia-Pacific region is home to 99.6 percent of the world’s buffalo breeds; other common livestock comprise pigs (56.3 percent), goats (62.7 percent), chickens (46.4 percent) and ducks (85.3 percent). Some livestock species risk extinction, in particular the H’mong cattle of Viet Nam, which numbered only 14 000 head in 2001. The coming years are a critical period for livestock production in Asia and the Pacific. Poorly planned animal-breeding strategies and the loss of indigenous breeds threaten the region’s ability to meet future food and livelihood demands. At the same time, the growing demand for livestock products now offers the opportunity to launch a new food revolution to reduce poverty and hunger among small farming households that constitute 80 percent of all farming families in Asia and the Pacific.

  34. PRODUKSI TERNAK DAN KESEHATANNYA RAP 2002/01 - Manual on the diagnosis of nipah virus infection in animals, contains information on the emergence of the virus and provides general principles and detailed instructions for dealing safely with it. It includes information on risk assessment in field investigations, safety procedures during field and laboratory investigations, all aspects of control and eradication along with guidelines for action by the pig industry and governments to keep the virus out. A series of appendices list hands-on safety instructions and essential safety equipment. FAO supports the Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific (APHCA) - visit http://www.aphca.org - and the South Asia Rinderpest Campaign. The 27th session of APHCA was convened in Lahore, Pakistan in August 2003. Recent APHCA publications issued by the FAO-RAP are: Some issues associated with the livestock industries of the Asia-Pacific region. (RAP 2002/06); A basic laboratory manual for the small-scale production and testing of 1-2 Newcastle disease vaccine (RAP 2002/22); The livestock industries of Thailand (RAP 2002/23); Report of the 26th Session of the Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific (APHCA) (RAP 2002/24).

  35. Peternakan kambing Peternakan kambing ini biasanya terletak di rumah-rumah penduduk. Kambing yang ada di rumah-rumah penduduk ini umumnya merupakan kambing lokal. Di desa ini, hanya melakukan penggemukan kambing, sedangkan untuk pemasarannya dilakukan di luar desa Peniwen. Kambing yang ada di desa ini tidak makan rumput, melainkan makan konsentrat.

  36. PRODUKSI TERNAK DAN KESEHATANNYA Priorities encompassed economic and environmental sustainability; food safety; risk analysis of marginalizing smallholder farmers from market opportunities; threats related to the spread of transboundary and zoonotic diseases (and concomitantly the development of newly emerging diseases generated by high animal density and international trade in live animals and livestock products); and the alarming loss of domestic animal diversity. The threat of endemic diseases, pests and newly emerging diseases - resulting in food shortages, destabilization of markets and periodically triggering trade barriers - was addressed jointly by FAO and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), particularly in the context of FAO’s Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES) through the preparation of the Asia component of the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease and other transboundary diseases.

  37. PRODUKSI TERNAK DAN KESEHATANNYA FAO’s Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) assists in the conservation and promotion of animal genetic diversity. In the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources process, country report preparation and convening of regional meetings are essential. Regional meetings identify regional needs for animal genetic resources and aim at reaching agreement on priorities for action at the regional level, in accordance with major production system characteristics. The regional office also publishes the quarterly Asian livestock on the Internet. A regional training workshop was convened in Fiji to assist the PICs in the preparation of their country reports as inputs for the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources. The potential loss of animal diversity was addressed under the umbrella of FAO’s Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources. Member countries have agreed to prepare country reports as input to the first report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources.

  38. PRODUKSI TERNAK DAN KESEHATANNYA A consultation, jointly organized by FAO and the International Feed Industry Federation in Bangkok in April 2002, discussed changes in livestock systems; enhanced requirements for protein in the tropics and the potential of ruminants on limited protein intake to utilize available forage; food safety issues related to animal feed derived from biotechnology crops, including GMOs; current issues relating to the use of animal by-products in feed; adaptation of European laws and regulations on animal feed use, to conditions in developing countries and countries in transition. Presentations were made by animal production and health experts on developments and issues relating to livestock production, protein supplies and the feed industries of selected countries including Australia, Botswana, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey, Viet Nam and countries of the EU. Under the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative (LEAD), three pilot studies in China, Thailand and Viet Nam were conducted to assess the impact of industrial livestock production on the environment and the area-wide integration of specialized crop and livestock activities; they have led to the formulation of a World Bank/ Global Environment Facility (GEF) project.

  39. Peternakan Ayam Peternakan ayam di desa Peniwen ini juga hampir ada di setiap rumah-rumah penduduk. Ayam tersebut biasanya diambil daging dan telurnya. Selain itu ada juga telur ayam Arab yang bisa digunakan sebagai obat (jamu).

  40. PRODUKSI TERNAK DAN KESEHATANNYA LEAD is also investigating the impact of changes in the formal market on poor and small-scale producers. In the Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative (PPLPI), the social consequences of the transformation of the livestock sector were addressed. The potentials and constraints of small-scale dairy production for poverty reduction were studied in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. PPLPI contributed to the reform of livestock services in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. In December 2003, FAO published the preliminary results of the first livestock census ever conducted in Afghanistan. Data covered around three million families. The project was carried out by FAO and funded by the Government of Italy. The results show that there are 3.7 million cattle, 8.8 million sheep, 7.3 million goats, 1.6 million donkeys, 180 000 camels, 140 000 horses and 12.2 million poultry. Comparisons with earlier livestock surveys showed that the number of farm animals per family had plummeted. The number of families without livestock has increased from 11.4 to 14.4 families per community due to the drought. The number of cattle per family has fallen from 3.7 in 1995 to 1.22 in 2003, while the number of sheep decreased sharply from 21.9 to 2.9 over the same period. The final results of the Afghan livestock census are expected early in 2004. They will contain detailed results from household and gender surveys.

  41. Animal production and health The Yak, second edition (RAP 2003/ 06) traces briefly the development of this animal and then describes in some detail its characteristics and performance and its products. There is also a discussion of the more recent research and development projects that may provide a basis for improvements in yak performance and in the utilization of rangelands. The research and development may also lead to a wider distribution for the yak and to the better utilization of yak products. Eighty-two piglets were airlifted from the United Kingdom to Bhutan in September 2003, during a significant logistic operation carried out by FAO. The nucleus for a pig-breeding programme in land-locked Bhutan, all the piglets survived the journey and arrived in good health. The importation of live piglets was needed as pigs in Bhutan are largely in-bred and their numbers are too small to act as a resource for an expanded breeding programme. The importation of animals of both sexes of three different breeds will allow the development of adequate breeding schemes and enhancement of the pig genetic resources of the country. Funded by FAO within the context of a technical cooperation programme for improving food security and rural income, the project aims to improve food production and access to animal proteins in Bhutan.

  42. Animal production and health In Bangladesh a training programme for the small-scale dairy sector has been underway since August 2003. The objective is to develop short-term, tailor-made training courses at the Savar Dairy Farm of the Ministry of Feed and Livestock (MoFL) for persons and organizations involved in milk production, collection, processing and marketing in the small-scale sector to improve efficiency and quality throughout the farm to consumer milk chain. Low-cost technologies for collecting milk from remote rural areas and for efficient small-scale processing of milk and traditional dairy products are being promoted. An action plan will be elaborated to sustain and commercialize future training activities and for the expansion of the approach to other regions. Small-scale milk producers, collectors and processors will be able to improve milk production representing a promising way to raise family income and improve food security.

  43. Peternakan Babi Di desa ini, terdapat dua buah peternakan babi yang terletak di Dusun Kalongan. Peternakan ini memiliki kira-kira 20.000 ekor babi. Babi dititipkan dan dibesarkan di tempat ini, namun pembibitan dan pemasarannya dilakukan di Surabaya.

  44. Animal production and health Protection against rinderpest and other major diseases of farm livestock through emergency preparedness planning and new vaccine technology is a project being conducted in Nepal. The objective is to build up the technical capacities of the veterinary field services to increase their emergency preparedness by means of improved contingency planning and disease detection, surveillance, reporting and data storage/ management. The dialogue between Nepal, India and China with respect to transboundary animal disease early warning and early reaction will be strengthened. Strengthening national veterinary services will contribute to improved animal disease control and thus improved livelihoods of poor livestock farmers.

  45. PERIKANAN Fish and rice constitute the traditional diet of most Asian and Pacific people. Per caput fish consumption ranges from the world’s highest level in the Maldives to among the lowest in Pakistan and parts of northern India. In the Pacific, subsistence fisheries make an important contribution to often high levels of per caput supplies. Fish provide nutritious food, employment and income for millions of people. In 1998, capture fishery production from this region accounted for half of the world’s production, and the production from aquaculture reached 88 percent of the global aquaculture production of fish and shellfish. The fishery sector thus plays a valuable role for food security in most countries in the region. However, in general, marine fishery resources are exploited fully (for example in the Gulf of Thailand, the Bay of Tonkin and the Bay of Bengal) and many heavily fished stocks will need to be rehabilitated. It is unlikely that future demands from an increased population in the region will be met from the seas. Aquaculture, and to a lesser extent inland fisheries, may provide considerable opportunities for further development to increase fish production, but the region will probably need to rely more on imports of fishery products for its future supplies.

  46. PERIKANAN For many countries in the region, the central issue remains that of management and sustainability of the marine resources. Generally, coastal resources are overfished severely by an overcrowded small-scale fishery sector. In these domains, catch rates, fish size and quality and, in some cases, fisherfolk incomes, are declining. Conflicts between small-scale fisheries and trawlers in the coastal zones are frequent and fishery management is complicated. Increasingly, partnerships between local communities and the central government are evolving to develop community-based fishery management systems for local resources. The prime concern is the need to increase the supply of fish and the economic benefits from fishing by the introduction and enforcement of better management.

  47. PERIKANAN Aquaculture is an increasingly important supplier of food and sustainer of food security in many Asian countries. Considerable benefits may be gained by the better integration of aquaculture into overall rural and agricultural development programmes. Also, the supply of fish from aquaculture could be increased by the wider application of technological advances and better management of fish health. Diversification and genetic improvement of cultured species needs to be promoted, together with a wider application of semi-intensive production systems. Governments and FAO are addressing these issues by promoting appropriate policies and programmes. The implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries remains the primary goal for FAO in Asia and the Pacific. The Code raises awareness from top officials to local fisherfolk, creating a responsible fishery system that stands on the principles of protection for living aquatic resources, environmental and coastal areas. Central to a responsible fishery system is the development of fishery and aquaculture techniques, as well as conservation measures, in complementation with enhanced food security and food quality, by all people engaged in the industry.

  48. Indonesia adalah negara yang memiliki produksi perikanan tangkap terbesar ke-4 dunia setelah China, Peru, Amerika Serikat, dan Chile.

  49. PERIKANAN The thrust has been on the sound management and sustainable use of resources in fisheries and aquaculture; responsible aquaculture development; and the conservation of marine and inland fisheries’ resources within the framework of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries via the strengthening of regional institutions and international collaboration. On 20 February 2003 FAO announced that aquaculture is growing more rapidly than all other animal food-producing sectors; its contribution to global supplies of fish, crustaceans and molluscs had increased from 3.9 percent of total production by weight in 1970 to 27.3 percent in 2000, according to FAO’s State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2002 report (SOFIA). The contribution from aquaculture increased further to 29 percent in 2001. SOFIA, presented at the 25th session of FAO’s Committee on Fisheries (COFI), stated that global fish production remains pushed by aquaculture. COFI is the only global technical forum for debating international fisheries’ issues.

  50. PERIKANAN Commissioned by FAO-RAP, a review of inland capture fisheries in eight Southeast Asian countries showed that statistics about the sector are underestimated severely and fail to give an adequate idea of its real importance. The actual production from inland capture fisheries in these countries is likely to be at least three times as much as that reported for freshwater aquaculture production. RAP 2002/11 provides a regional overview of statistics’ collection and reporting methods used, the sources of error in the official statistics, other constraints to data collection and recommends strategies for improvement. A second section reviews the current state of inland capture fisheries’ statistics in the eight countries that were reviewed. RAP 2002/13 Pacific Island fisheries: regional and country information reviews small-scale commercial and subsistence fisheries, which are crucial for the national economies, food security and rural livelihoods in the Pacific. A regional overview provides detailed information about fisheries in the subregion as issues of coastal fisheries’ management. There are detailed country profiles with national fisheries’ data, an overview of marine and inland fisheries and aquaculture and utilization of the catch. Development prospects, the institutional arrangements and international issues relevant to the sector are also reviewed.

More Related