Unit 13 Notes Independence Movements and Human Rights

1. Unit 13 NotesIndependence Movements and Human Rights

2. Unit 13 Key Terms Indian National Congress Muslim League Mohandas Gandhi Salt March Kashmir Kwame Nkrumah Algerian National Liberation Front Jomo Kenyatta Mau Mau Universal Declaration of Human Rights Apartheid African National Congress Nelson Mandela F.W. DeKlerk

3. Independence Movements

4. Independence in India independence movement in India began with the creation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 the Muslim population of India felt ignored and therefore formed the Muslim League in 1906 Muslims feared the Hindus would dominate government once independence was achieved nationalism gained strength in India after World War I but religious conflicts created problems

5. Independence in India • Mohandas Gandhiwas the leader of the independence movement in India • he called for nonviolent protests of British rule • boycotts of British goods • encouraged Indians to make their own clothing rather than buying from the British • fasting • he organized the Salt March in 1930 to protest British attempts to force Indians to buy British salt

6. Independence in India Gandhi’s methods were effective in 1935, the British gave Indians the right to self-rule following World War II, the British were ready to grant India independence but feared problems would exist between Hindus and Muslims as a result, the British divided the region into two countries: India for Hindus and Pakistan for Muslims (split into two separate territories East and West Pakistan)

8. India and Pakistan • as Hindus and Muslims moved to their new countries, violence erupted between the two groups and nearly 1 million people were killed • the two countries fought over the region of Kashmir – an area in the northern part of India that remained mostly Muslim • the U.N. intervened in 1948 and enforced a cease-fire • Pakistan controlled 1/3 of Kashmir • India controlled the rest of the region • struggle for control of the region still goes on today

9. Pakistan after independence, the country had internal struggles as well most of the people and the government were located in West Pakistan East Pakistan felt ignored by West Pakistan East Pakistan declared its independence in 1971 and, with the help of India, won a civil war with West Pakistan and became the country of Bangladesh

10. Independence Elsewhere in Asia • following World War II, other colonies in Asia achieved independence • Philippines (USA) • Sri Lanka, Burma, Malaysia, and Singapore (Great Britain) • Indonesia (Netherlands)

11. Independence in Africa following World War II, nationalist movements in Africa gained popularity Ghana was the first Sub-Saharan African country to receive independence in 1957 (from Great Britain) Kwame Nkrumahled Ghana to independence much like Gandhi did in India with peaceful means (strikes, boycotts, etc.)

12. Independence in Africa • Algeria • Algerians had to fight the French for independence • formed the Algerian National Liberation Front and won independence in 1962 • Kenya • British settlers did not want Kenyan independence • some groups, like the Mau Mau, used guerilla warfare against the British settlers • Jomo Kenyattawas a nationalist leader accused of supporting the Mau Mau and imprisoned • in 1963, Kenya received its independence and Kenyatta became the first president

13. Independence in Africa • Angola fought the Portuguese for independence • the Congo experienced violence and war after receiving independence • during colonial days, the country was exploited by the Belgians • Africans had not been trained to run their own governments • as a result, rival ethnic groups fought each other for power, allowing dictators to take control of the country

14. Human Rights

15. Universal Declaration of Human Rights issued in 1948 by the United Nations set human rights standards for all nations listed specific rights every human should have defined genocide as a result, colonialism by European countries became less and less popular boundaries created by Europeans in Africa led to much tension in newly independent countries

16. Tensions in Africa and Asia • newly independent countries had many problems • dictators as rulers • civil wars (Rwanda, Sudan, etc.) that led to more violations of human rights, genocide • lack of democracy – many did not see democracy until the early 2000s (Kenya, Ghana, Congo)

17. Tensions in Africa and Asia • India • nearly 10 million Muslims and Hindus had to be relocated • violence between the two groups led to nearly 1 million dead • Gandhi was murdered as a result of the violence • Kashmir is still fought over today

18. South Africa • apartheid • policy of racial segregation • instituted in 1948 • separated blacks and whites in nearly every aspect of life • favored whites over blacks • African National Congress • formed in response to apartheid • opposed segregation and favored racial equality • the group was considered illegal by the government • led by Nelson Mandela (who was imprisoned)

19. South Africa • End of apartheid • in 1989, F.W. DeKlerk was elected president of South Africa • he legalized the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990 • DeKlerk also began to repeal apartheid laws • in 1994, free elections were held in South Africa and Nelson Mandela was elected president • Mandela would remain president until 1999

20. Mohandas K. Gandhi

21. Kwame Nkrumah

22. Jomo Kenyatta

23. Nelson Mandela

24. F.W. DeKlerk