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Project and Risk Management Techniques in NPD. Burçin Ağan Mesut Korkut Sabri Dönmez Seda Leblebici. What is Project Management?.
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Project and Risk Management Techniques in NPD Burçin Ağan Mesut Korkut Sabri Dönmez Seda Leblebici
What is Project Management? “Project management is theapplication of knowledge, skills, tools, andtechniquestoprojectactivities in ordertomeetorexceedstakeholderneedsandexpectations.”
Project Management Today Today, ModernProjectManagementhas emerged as a premier solution inbusiness operations. Large and small organizations recognize that a structuredapproach to planning and controlling projects is a necessary core competency for success. International organizations such as the ProjectManagement Institute(PMI) and the International Project Management Association (IPMA) promote project management by providing professional development .
Project Characteristics Has a goal/meets a need Is a set of related activities that are nonrecurring Has a definite beginning and end Has clearly defined goals anddeliverables Consumesresources Needsto be managed
Project Manager “The person who is responsible for the project and will be held accountable foritssuccessorfailure.”
Balancingthe “ProjectSuccessTriangle” • A clearunderstandingof customerpriorities • “People” skills • Thoroughplanning • An organized, • structuredprocess
WorkBreakdownStructure(WBS) The purpose of work breakdown structure (WBS) is to help plan effectively for a project by breaking key tasks or activities down in to more manageable and smaller units of work. WBS produces a detailed list of tasks to be performed for a project, helping to deliver better costing, scheduling and resource planning for a project. Cost breakdown structure (CBS) lists every item classified and its expenditure for the project in order to get a more detailed estimate of cost or expenditure.
MilestoneChecklist Thisis one of thebesttoolstheprojectmanager can usetodeterminewhether he orshe is on track in terms of theprojectprogress.Theprojectmanagerdoes not havetouseexpensive software totrackthis. Theprojectmanager can use a simple Excel templateto do thisjob. Themilestonechecklistshould be a livedocumentthatshould be updatedonceortwice a week.
Project Management Softwares Withtheintroduction of computertechnology, therehavebeen a number of software toolsspecificallydevelopedforprojectmanagementpurpose. MS Project is onesuchtoolthat has wonthehearts of projectmanagersallovertheworld. MS Project can be used as a standalonetoolfortrackingprojectprogressor it can be usedfortrackingcomplexprojectsdistributed in manygeographicalareasandmanagedby a number of projectmanagers. Therearemanyother software packagesforprojectmanagement in additionto MS Project. Most of thesenewadditionsare online portalsforprojectmanagementactivitieswheretheprojectmembershaveaccesstoprojectdetailsandprogressfromanywhere.
GanttCharts A time chart devised by Henry Gantt in 1917, an American engineer. A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart used for project scheduling. Each activity or task is depicted as a block over time, actual performance is recorded in real time and compared to planned deadlines necessary for achieving completion.
There are many other software packages for project management in addition to MS Project. Most of these new additions are online portals for project management activities where the project members have access to project details and progress from anywhere.
The Use of Gantt Charts as a Tool Can be used to plan time scale for a project Can be used to estimate resources required Graphical illustration of a schedule of tasks to complete e.g. ideal wall chart for the office and easy to visualise and interpret at meetings Helps to plan, coordinate, and track specific tasks for a project Good for small projects when the number of tasks or activities are small and not complex e.g. good for simple projects.
Critical PathAnalysis(CPA) or NetworkAnalysis Gantt charts are a poor time management tools when projects are lengthy and complex. There often exists in large projects a high interdependency between various tasks e.g. some activities cannot start, until others have been completed first, therefore many activities are interrelated. Gantt charts in these circumstances are less desirable because they do not display or indicate interdependencies. Network (or critical path) analysis can display more logically the sequence and timing of each activity, theycommunicate interdependency and a more effective time management tool for large and complex projects.
What’s is the Critical Path? Pathwithleastslack Pathwithlongestduration Critical Path Method (CPM) is a project management technique that analyzes what activities have the least amount of scheduling flexibility (i.e., are the most mission-critical) and then predicts project duration schedule based on the activities that fall along the “criticalpath.” Activities that lie along the critical path cannot be delayed without delaying the finish time for the entire project.
Advantages of critical path analysis (CPA) Identifies interrelationships between different tasks or activities Resources can be planned and allocated from using it e.g. staff planning Good communication and planning tool for time management Disadvantages of critical path analysis (CPA) Assumes a trade off between time and money but most staff cost could be a fixed not variable cost The complexity of the diagram will increase as more activities are included Key uncertainties often exist when estimating the duration for activities, therefore can be a poor prediction for elapsed time
PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Techniques) The technique of PERT helps give better time estimation for a project, by accounting for the uncertainty when predicting task durations. As an illustration, the project manager could estimate the worse, best and most probable duration of time for each activity and then determine an ‘average’ completion time. This can be undertaken by assigning probabilities to the three estimates and calculating an ‘expected value’. The average time of each activity would then be used to configure the elapsed time of the project.
ResponsibilityAssignmentMatrix (RAM) — Purpose A Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) uses the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and the organizational structure to link deliverables and/or activities to resources. The RAM provides a realistic picture of the resources needed and can identify if you have enough resources for the project. Additionally, it clearly shows who is responsible for what; if it is associated with the schedule it can identify when the deliverable is needed. By creating a RAM; deliverables are assigned a responsible party, who will review or add input and the appropriate approval authority is identified. The RAM can be as simple as placing a check mark in a matrix to assign the deliverables or activities. Ensure that all tasks are assigned topeople Show levels of involvement of people towork
Network DiagramMethods ArrowDiagramMethod(Activity on arc) PrecedenceDiagramMethod(Activity on node)
Conclusion A projectmanagercannotexecute his/her jobwithout a proper set of tools. Thesetools do not haveto be renowned software orsomething, but it can prettywell be simpleandproventechniquestomanageprojectwork. Having a solid set of projectmanagementtoolsalwaysmakesprojectmanagers' workpleasurableandproductive.
What is Risk? With the probability ofoccurrence of a hazard, if you happen to be addressing with the severity of the outcome will lead to. The risk must be expressed as a function of the severity of the possibility of danger.
Risk Management Riskmanagement is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risk followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.
Risk Management If you don’t actively attack risks, they will actively attack you. — Tom Gilb Project risks • budget, schedule, resources, size, personnel, morale ... Technical risks • implementation technology, verification, maintenance ... Business risks • market, sales, management, commitment ...
Hazardand Risk Perception • Risk is the amount of the possibleloss • Risk is a functionandexpressedmultiplied by a of the level of lossand probability • Losing of part ofor all of personal assetsagainst the a particular hazard is risk
TheProcess Of Risk Management Definition of risk Risk analysis risk oversight Risk planning List of potentialrisks Risks are ranked according to priorities risks in the removal of the break Risk estimation
Four Techniques of RiskManagement • Comprehensive business risk management is a multi-stage process that will vary depending on the needs and requirements of each individual enterprise.
The first stage is to determine exactly what the risks facing your business are, in order to assess the likely and potential impact of each incidentoccurring. Once this process has been completed, you can get down to evaluating the technique which will best suit your business and maximize your risk managementmoving forward. Here are the four key potential risk treatments to consider.
Avoidance Obviously one of the easiest ways to mitigate risk is to put a stop to any activities that might put your business in jeopardy.However it's important to remember that with nothing ventured comes nothing gained, and therefore this is often not a realistic option for many business.
Reduction The second risk management technique is reduction - essentially, taking the steps required to minimize the potential that an incident will occur. Risk reduction strategies need to be weighed up in terms of their potential return on investment. If the cost of risk reduction outweighs the potential cost of an incident occurring, you will need to decide whether it is really worthwhile.
Transfer One of the best methods of risk management is transferring that risk to another party. An example of this would be purchasing comprehensive businessinsurance.Risk transfer is a realistic approach to risk management as it accepts that sometimes incidents do occur, yet ensures that your business will be prepared to cope with the impact of that even
Acceptance Finally, risk acceptance involves 'taking it on the chin', so to speak, and weathering the impact of an event. This option is often chosen by those who consider the cost of risk transfer or reduction to be excessive or unnecessary.Risk acceptance is a dangerous strategy as your business runs the risk of underestimating potential losses, and therefore will be particularly vulnerable in the event that an incident occurs.
Risk Identification • Risk identification is the process of understanding what potential events might hurt or enhance a particular project. • Risk identification tools and techniques include: • Brainstorming • The Delphi Technique • Interviewing • SWOT analysis
Sample Risk Register INSE 6230
Diagramming Techniques Inadequate Time Project Prioritization Testing Product Delivered Late Insufficient Resources Bad Specs Personnel Materials Cause and Effect Diagrams Also known as Ishikawa or fishbone Potential Causes Effect
