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Chapter 5: Language Key Issue 1

Chapter 5: Language Key Issue 1. Vocabulary. Language Literary Tradition Official Language Language Family Language Branch Language Group Logograms. World Languages. 6,909 languages total 11 spoken by at least 100 million people- any guesses? English German Portuguese Spanish

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Chapter 5: Language Key Issue 1

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  1. Chapter 5: LanguageKey Issue 1

  2. Vocabulary Language Literary Tradition Official Language Language Family Language Branch Language Group Logograms

  3. World Languages • 6,909 languages total • 11 spoken by at least 100 million people- any guesses? • English • German • Portuguese • Spanish • Russian • Arabic • Bengali • Hindi • Japanese • Lahnda • Mandarin

  4. Language Family • Language Family- a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history • Examples: • INDO-EUROPEAN, examples: English, German, French, Spanish, Russian, Latin, Greek, Hindi, Sanskrit • HAMITO-SEMITIC (Afro-Asiatic), examples: Arabic, Hebrew, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Coptic, Ancient Egyptian • SINO-TIBETAN, examples: Mandarin, Cantonese, Tibetan, Burmese • MALAYO-POLYNESIAN (Austronesian): Malagasy, Indonesian, Javanese, Malay, Tagalog, Maori, Samoan, Hawaiian

  5. Language Branch • Language Branch- a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago • Differences are not as old or as extensive between language families • Archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family • Example: Indo-European Family has lots of branches, including… • Germanic branch- includes Dutch, German, English, Icelandic, Danish, Swedish • Slavic branch- includes Croatian, Serbian, Czech, Slovak, Russian, Bulgarian, Polish

  6. Language Group • Language Group- a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary • Example: the Semitic branch includes these groups… • Languages spoken in the Middle East and North Africa (Aramaic, Arabic, Canaanite), as well as… • Ethiopian languages (Geez, Gafat, Amharic, Tigre, Harari), and • South Arabian languages

  7. Percentage of People Who Speak a Language From Each Major Family

  8. Widely Used Language Families • Indo-European is the most widely used and is predominant in Europe, South Asia, and North and Latin America • Sino-Tibetan is the second most widely used and includes languages spoken in China as well as some smaller countries in Southeast Asia • Most predominantly spoken is Mandarin • Mandarin is one of the six official languages of the UN (the others are Russian, French, Spanish, Arabic, and English) • These languages include logograms, which are often compounds • Several different language families developed in Southern and Eastern Asia- why? • Islands and peninsulas- isolation

  9. Examples of Logograms

  10. How Do Languages Develop? Migration Isolation Dialects  Incomprehensibility

  11. What Language Distributions Can Tell Us History and conquest Isolation or integration of cultures Migration of peoples Economic domination of certain cultures Influence of wealth and technology Political divisions Physical geography barriers

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