Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel and Matched Filter Detection

1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel and Matched Filter Detection ELE 745 – Digital Communications Xavier Fernando

2. ELE 745 – AWGN Channel Part I – Gaussian distribution

3. Gaussian (Normal) Distribution • The Normal or Gaussian distribution, is an important family of continuous probability distributions • The mean ("average", μ) and variance (standard deviation squared, σ2) are the defining parameters • The standard normal distribution is the normal distribution with zero mean (μ=0)and unity variance (σ2 =1) • Many measurements, from psychological to thermal noise can be approximated by the Gaussian distribution.

4. Gaussian RV

5. General Gaussian RV

6. PDF of Gaussian Distribution Standard Norma Distribution

7. CDF of Gaussian Distribution

8. The Central Limit Theorem • The sum of independent, identically distributed large number of random variables with finite variance is approximately normally distributed under certain conditions • Ex: Binomial distribution B(n, p) approaches normal for large n and p • The Poisson(λ) distribution is approximately normal N(λ, λ) for large values of λ. • The chi-squared distribution approaches normal for large k. • The Student’s t-distribution t(ν) approaches normal N(0, 1) when ν is large.

9. Area under Gaussian PDF The area within +/- σ is ≈ 68% (dark blue) The area within +/- 2σ is ≈ 95% (medium and dark blue) The area within +/- 2σ is ≈ 99.7% (light, medium, and dark blue)

10. Bit Error Rate (BER) • BER is the ratio of erroneous bits to correct bits • BER is an important quality measure of digital communication link • BER depends on the signal and noise power (Signal to Noise Ratio) • BER requirement is different for different services and systems • Wireless link BER < 10-6 while Optical BER < 10-12 • Voice  Low BER while Data  High BER

11. Logic 0 and 1 probability distributions

12. Digital Receiver Performance Probability of error assuming Equal ones and zeros Where, Depends on the noise variance at on/off levels and the Threshold voltage Vththat is decided to minimize the Pe; Often Vth = V+ + V-

13. The Q Function Fx(x) = 1 – Q(X)

19. Error Probability of On-Off Signaling

21. BER (Pe) versus Q factor in a Typical Digital Communication Link

22. Part-iiMatched filter detection