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HOLY FAMILY NURSING AND MIDWIFERY TRAINING COLLEGE, KENTEN-TECHIMAN R G N 5 SURGICAL NURSING II

HOLY FAMILY NURSING AND MIDWIFERY TRAINING COLLEGE, KENTEN-TECHIMAN R G N 5 SURGICAL NURSING II. A PRESENTATION ON EMPYEMA BY GROUP EIGHT(8). Empyema. Empyema is a collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space).

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HOLY FAMILY NURSING AND MIDWIFERY TRAINING COLLEGE, KENTEN-TECHIMAN R G N 5 SURGICAL NURSING II

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  1. HOLY FAMILY NURSING AND MIDWIFERY TRAINING COLLEGE, KENTEN-TECHIMANR G N 5SURGICAL NURSING II • A PRESENTATION ON EMPYEMA • BY GROUP EIGHT(8)

  2. Empyema Empyema is a collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space). It is a condition that affects the space between the outermost layer of the lungs and the layer touching the chest wall, known as the pleural space. This space exists to help the lungs expand and contract. The pleural space naturally contains a small amount of fluid. Empyema happens when extra fluid begins to collect in the pleural space.

  3. A pus-filled lung

  4. Causes Of Empyema Empyema is usually caused by an infection that spreads from the lung. It leads to a buildup of pus in the pleural space. Risk factors include: • Bacterial pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Chest surgery • Lung abscess • Trauma or injury to the chest • In rare cases, empyema can occur after thoracentesis.

  5. Symptoms Symptoms of empyema may include: • pneumonia that does not improve • a fever • chest pain • a cough • pus in mucus

  6. Cont. • difficulty breathing • a crackling sound from the chest • decreased breathing sounds • dullness when tapping chest • fluid in the lungs (visible with a chest X-ray)

  7. Empyema can progress through three stages if a person does not receive treatment. Stage 1: Simple (the exudative phase/ simple empyema) It occurs when extra fluid begins to build up in the pleural cavity. This fluid can become infected and may contain pus. Stage 2: Complicated (the fibrinopurulent phase) In complicated empyema, the fluid in the pleural cavity begins to thicken and form "pockets." Stage 3: Frank (the organizing phase) Finally, the infected fluid causes scarring to the inner layers that line the pleural cavity in the lungs. This causes difficulty breathing as it stops the lungs from inflating properly.

  8. Risk factors • A person who is older than 70 and has recently had pneumonia may be at risk of empyema. • The biggest risk factor for empyema is having had pneumonia recently. • Other risk factors include: • being older than 70 • having been in the hospital recently • having had chest surgery or trauma

  9. Cont. Statistically, people with the following conditions are also more likely to develop empyema: • diabetes • heart disease • previous cancer • chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) • lung disease • intravenous drug use (in simple empyema cases

  10. Diagnosis • The first step to diagnosing empyema is a chest X-ray. An X-ray can only identify empyema when there is a specific amount of fluid in the pleural cavity, however. • If the doctor suspects there is liquid in the pleural cavity after a chest X-ray, they will carry out an ultrasound. Ultrasounds are more sensitive and better at detecting fluid in the pleural cavity. • CT scans are also a useful method of detecting empyema. This allows doctors to see the "pockets" of liquid in the pleural cavity.

  11. CT Scan of a pus-filled lung

  12. Chest X-ray of the lungs

  13. Treatment Treatment for empyema can include: • Antibiotics (Cefuroxime 150mg/kg, Clyndamycin 25-40mg/kg) Doctors usually prescribe antibiotics as the first treatment for simple cases of empyema. Because different strains of bacteria cause empyema, finding the right antibiotic is crucial. Antibiotic treatment typically takes 2 to 6 weeks to work.

  14. Cont. • Drainage Draining the fluid is essential to prevent simple empyema progressing to complicated or frank empyema. It also helps keep the condition under control. To drain the fluid, a doctor performs a tube thoracostomy, which involves inserting an ultrasound or computer-guided tube into the chest cavity and removing the liquid from the pleural space.

  15. Cont. • Surgery • For advanced cases of empyema, surgery may be the best treatment option. One study found that a surgery called decortication yielded better results than tube drainage in people with advanced empyema.Decortication involves removing the pus "pockets" and fibrous tissue from the pleural space, which helps the lungs expand properly.

  16. Cont. • There are two types of surgeries available. In most cases, a surgeon will perform a video-assisted thoracotomy (VATS). This procedure is less invasive, less painful, and has a shorter recovery time than an open-thoracotomy, which requires a surgeon to open the chest. • In some cases, however, a surgeon will perform an open-thoracotomy.

  17. Rare Complications Possible complications of empyema include: • Fibrosis, which is when damaged lung tissue causes difficulty breathing that affects a person's quality of life. If breathing difficulty continues 6 months after infection, decortication surgery may improve symptoms. • Empyema necessitatis, which is an extension of the infection into the chest wall and soft tissue. This is very rare and requires immediate medical attention.

  18. GROUP MEMBERS:

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