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The Reformation

The Reformation. Society and Religion. Protestant? What is imperialism? Protestant movements Different ways protestantism began What do you think “priesthood of all believers” is? What papal laws would be considered arbitrary human inventions?

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The Reformation

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  1. The Reformation

  2. Society and Religion • Protestant? • What is imperialism? • Protestant movements • Different ways protestantism began • What do you think “priesthood of all believers” is? • What papal laws would be considered arbitrary human inventions? • Why would peasants consider reform to be a promise of political liberation or social betterment?

  3. Society and Religion • Why do you think Avignon, Great Schism, Conciliar Period, and Renaissance papacy helped reformation? • Discuss why the need for reformation • What led to the criticism of the church? • Brothers of the Common Life/Modern Devotion • Imitation of Christ • Vernacular • Why was preaching in the vernacular important?

  4. Society and Religion • How did the church abuse its power and how did the laity restrict the church’s power? • How do the governments feel about the power of the church?

  5. Martin Luther and theGerman Reformation • “Catholic” • Humanist criticism • Voice of Luther • Luther • Monk of Catholicism in Germany • Training to be university professor • Justification for criticisms of church

  6. Luther’s Personal Crisis of Faith • Personal sinfulness vs. God’s requirement of perfect righteousness for salvation • Impossibility of perfection needed for salvation • “Justification by faith alone” from 1513-1518 • No charity, deeds, ceremony • FAITH=righteousness • Catholic church’s view of salvation • Combination • Faith w/o works is dead • Works are important, but not only way to salvation • Good not saving • God is not a puppet!

  7. Indulgences • Indulgence • What is it and why was it needed (according to the church/for the church)? • “The Five Pillars of Catholicism” • Are they honest practice? • What was purpose of Jubilee Indulgence? • Why was it obviously corrupt? • How does Tetzel encourage people to pay indulgence? • How does Luther argue against this?

  8. Charles V and Luther’s Excommunication • Standing before Dominican order • Luther’s literary argument • Huss • Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation • Babylonian Captivity of the Church • Freedom of a Christian • What happened at the Diet of Worms? • To recant=acting against Scripture, reason, and conscience

  9. More Reformation • Imperial Distractions • Edict of Worms against Luther • Peace of Augsburg • Spreading of Reformation • Peasant revolt • Luther as an ally to revolting peasants • Luther initially supports but then condemns • Why? • Freedom in inner spiritual release from guilt and anxiety, not rev. politics

  10. Zwingli • Switzerland • 13 autonomous cantons (states) • Protestant and Catholic, compromise • Preconditions of Swiss reformation • Growth of national sentiment due to opposition to foreign mercenaries • Desire for church reform since Councils of Basel and Constance • Zwingli • Humanist • Erasmus, not Luther • Swiss mercenaries undermine political sovereignty and morality • Opposing sale of indulgences and religious superstition

  11. More Zwingli • How did Zwingli revolt? • Broke Lenten fast • “Whatever lacks literal support in Scripture is neither to be believed or practiced.” • Raises questions about honored traditional teachings and practices • Fasting, transubstantiation, worship of saints, pilgrimages, purgatory, clerical celibacy, certain sacraments

  12. Marburg Colloquy • What did Philip of Hesse intend? • Why (or over what) didn’t Luther and Zwingli agree? In other words, what stopped them from uniting (theological differences)? • What was the intent of the Marburg Colloquy and what was the result?

  13. Swiss Civil Wars • Why did civil wars begin in Switzerland? • Who were wars between? • What happened to Zwingli and why?

  14. Anabaptists • Why did radical/fundamentalist protestants differ from Luther and Zwingli? • Who were the Anabaptists and what did they believe? • What did the Schleitheim Confession state? • How did Anabaptists live/practice their religion without “corruption” from other peoples? • How did governments feel about the separation of the Anabaptists? Why?

  15. Anabaptists • What group(s) of people made up the Anabaptists at first? What group ended up becoming more involved in the Anabaptist community? Why was this? • How was rebaptism viewed? Why? • How was this punished?

  16. Spiritualists • What did the spiritualists think about religion? • Why? • What were their specific beliefs? • Who made up the spiritualists? • What do you think caused people to become a spiritualist?

  17. Antitrinitarians • What did Antitrinitarians believe? • How were Antitrinitarians treated (specificall Michael Servetus)?

  18. Calvinism • Where was Calvinism practiced? • People that practiced Calvinism also supported what? • What did Calvinists believe? • How did John Calvin pay for his education? • What is Calvin’s theology? • What did Calvin do with the benefices that paid for his education? Why do you think that is?

  19. Genevan Reformation • How did Geneva respond to the Reformation? • Why were people of Geneva wary of Calvin and Farel as religious leaders? • What eventually drove Calvin and Farel from Geneva? • What brought Calvin and Farel back and what happened to Bern? • How did Geneva change after Calvin’s return? • What were the four offices of the Genevan church? • What is predestination? Why is it controversial? • What did Calvinists want to do with society? • What happened to Servetus? Why? How did this portray Calvin and Geneva as a whole? • Who arrived in Geneva? Why? • Why was Geneva considered a “woman’s paradise?”

  20. Political Consolidation ofLutheran Reformation • What was the purpose of the Diet of Augsburg? • What was the result? • How did the Lutherans respond? • Discuss the Schmalkaldic League/Augsburg Confession • What did the Augsburg Confession say? • How did the Schmalkaldic Articles result?

  21. Expansion and Reactions • What are consistories and what was the results of them? • What did the Danish king Christian III do in response to Lutheranism? • How did the Swedish king Gustavus Vasa respond to Lutheranism? • How did Poland respond to Lutheranism? • What did Charles V do in response to Lutheranism? • When this failed, what did he turn to and what happened? • What did the imperial law state towards Lutheranism in Saxony and Hesse?

  22. Peace of Augsburg • What led to the Peace of Passau? What did the Peace of Passau state? What was the result? • What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg? • What did Cuiusregio, eiusreligio state? • Why did the Peace of Augsburg not extend to Calvinism and Anabaptism? • How did the Anabaptists respond? • How did Calvinists respond?

  23. English Reformation • How did Lutheranism get to England? • Why did King Henry VIII gain the name “Defender of the Faith” from Pope Leo X? • How did Henry VIII aid the spread of Protestantism in England? • What was the “Reformation Parliament”?

  24. Henry VIII • What did the Act of Supremacy state? • Discuss the wives of Henry VIII • How did Henry treat religion (Protestantism)? • What were the Ten Articles? • What were the Six Articles?

  25. Edward VI • How did the Protestant Reformation change in England under Ed VI? • What happened to the Six Articles? • How did churches change under Ed? • What was the Book of Common Prayer? What did it teach? • How did the church change after Ed’s death and the beginning of Mary I? • Who was ruling when a settlement was reached?

  26. Catholic Reform • Why were popes hesitant to let the church change? • Discuss the Catholic Reformers • Capuchins • Somaschi/Barnabites • Usulines • Oratorians

  27. Jesuits (Society of Jesus) • What are the foundations of the Jesuits? • What did the Jesuits think of Protestants? Why? • What did the Jesuits teach Catholics to be? • How did the Jesuits effect the Protestants?

  28. Council of Trent • What was the purpose of the Council of Trent? • How did the reform commission help Protestants? • Who could vote in the council? Why do you think this is? • What reforms were a result of the Council of Trent? • How do you think the Council of Trent effected the Reformation? • How did rulers respond to Trent?

  29. Revolution of Religious Practices and Institutions • What role did the clergy play in 1400s? • The religious calendar • Monasteries and nunneries • Pilgrimages • Concubines and children • Criminal charges and taxation

  30. Revolution of Religious Practices and Institutions • What role did the clergy play in the 1600s? • How did the reformation change society? • Nunneries and monasteries • Church services • Religious holidays • Criminal charges and taxation

  31. Reformation and Education • Protestantism+humanism=reformation • Linguistic skills for scholarship in religious sources • Read primary sources directly rather than interpretation

  32. Changing Roles of Women • Challenging the temptress and embracing the virgin • Universal marriage • Relives sexual frustration and fornication • Women as partners • Luther, Calvin • Sacredness of home and family • Sharing authority • Divorce on grounds of adultery and abandonment • Relief from improper priests • Education of girls to literacy in vernacular • Leads to idea of women as equals to men under God • Emancipation!

  33. Family Life: Marriage • Later marriages • Parental consent • Reasons for late marriage • Widows, shorter marriage • High mortality during childbirth • Premarital sex and illegitimate children due to orphanages

  34. Family Life: Arranged Marriage • Reasons • Wealth, social standing, prior relationship, emotional feelings • Right to reject coerced marriage

  35. Family Life: Family Size and Birth Control • Family Size • Nuclear/conjugal family (M,F, 2-4 kids) • Live within household including in-laws, servants, laborers, boarders • 6-7 children total (new birth every 2 years) • 1/3 die by age five • ½ die by teens • Birth Control • Artificial birth control • Church condemnation of coitus interruptus • Conscious regular effort of birth control • Church opposition due to historical and moral reasons • Sex for reproductive purposes

  36. Family Life: Wet Nursing • Church and physicians condemn wet nursing • Increased risk of infant mortality by exposing to contaminated/unhealthy milk • Popular among upper-class women, social standing • Vanity, convenience • Forbiddance of women lactating to have sex • Contraceptive effect • Men want male heirs

  37. Family Life: Loving Families? • Cold and distant? • Ages 8-13 sent to apprenticeships, school, or employment • “What greater love can parents have for children than to equip them for worldly vocation?” • Well-apprenticed child is a prepared child with a future • Widow(er)s remarry very shortly after death of spouse • Utilitarian and humane reasons

  38. Literature: Cervantes • Influences on Spanish literature • Traditional Catholic teaching as major influence on Spanish life • Aggressive piety of Spanish rulers • Preoccupation with medieval chivalric values • Honor and loyalty • Don Quixote (worthiness by brave deeds)

  39. Literature: Shakespeare • Not radical in politics or religion • Comedies and tragedies, medieval morality plays, short stories have influence • Histories, comedies, tragedies • Richard III as pro-Tudor propaganda • Plays sometimes based on previous works (Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet) • Works strike universal human themes rooted in temporary religious traditions

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