Craig, Heritage of World Civilization, 6th ed.

1. Craig, Heritage of World Civilization, 6th ed. Chapter 25 - Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century Europe and North America 1815-1880

2. Introduction Two fundamental developments occurred in the northern transatlantic world in 19th century Process of political consolidation Made the nation-states strongest in world Emergence in Europe and North America of Powerful new industrial economies Society not based primarily on land Allowed Europe and United States unprecedented Political, military, economic influence

3. Emergence of Nationalism Single most powerful European political ideology of 19th and 20th centuries Modern concept Nation composed of people joined by bonds of Common language Customs Culture History Should therefore share the same government

4. Meaning of Nationhood Variety of arguments States would promote economic efficiency Nations as distinct creations of God Place for their states in divine order of things Polish nationalists portrayed Poland As suffering Christ among nations Significant problem is which ethnic groups could be considered nations Came to be associated with cultural elite

5. Political Liberalism European liberals derived ideas from Enlightenment Examples of English liberties Principles of 1789 Called for systems based on Legal equality Religious toleration Freedom of the press Limitation on arbitrary power of government

6. Nationalism and Liberalism Liberalism and nationalism often complimentary Idea of popular sovereignty Idea of a career open to talent Calls for representation and political liberty French Revolution had shown how liberalism could spread across borders Impact on other revolutions around world Nations based on individual ethnic groups Also influential in 19th and 20th centuries

7. Russia In Napoleonic wars Russian troops come into contact with ideas of Enlightenment, French Rev Decembrist Revolt Nicholas - r. 1825-1855 Moscow regiment refused to swear allegiance They considered Nicholas too conservative Crushing of liberalism in Russia Russia becomes policeman of Europe Ready to suppress liberal or national uprisings

8. France King Charles X - r. 1824-1830 Saw himself as divine right ruler Four Ordinances in 1830 Rioting in street - 1800 die Louis Philippe - r. 1830-1848 Charter (Constitution) - rights of the people Censorship abolished Franchise extended Socially a conservative revolution

9. Britain Passage of Great Reform Bill in 1832 Exemplary liberal state of the world , 19th cen Blocked by House of Lords King William IV pressures peers to pass it Great Reform Act expanded electorate By 200,000 persons or almost 50% Basis of voting remained property qualification Established foundation of political stability Second Reform Act passed in 1867

10. Gladstone and Disraeli William Gladstone - 1809-1898 PM 1868-1874 High point of classical British liberalism Oxford, Cambridge opened to religions Introduction of secret ballot Education Act of 1870 - British government responsible for running elementary schools Benjamin Disraeli - 1804-1881 Conservative PM Government should protect weaker citizens Public Health Act of 1875

11. Irish Question Irish nationalists hoped for home rule More Irish control of local government Disruptive force in British politics Charles Stewart Parnell - 1846-1891 Irish Party decides balance in 1885 between English Liberals and Conservatives Irish Party backs Liberals But failure to pass Home Rule Bill until 1914 Even then suspended until end of war

12. Revolutions of 1848 Series of liberal and nationalistic revolutions Liberals appealed to urban working classes Little in common - didn’t work Failure to establish genuinely liberal or national states Chief importance of failed revolutions Emergence of conservative governments Ended era of liberal revolution begun in 1789

13. American Sectional Conflict American continuing republican experiment But threatened by sectional tensions Slavery in South was biggest threat Constitution Convention of 1788 Compromise - 3/5 of slave population Spread westward meant that slavery could not be ignored Balance between slave and free states Missouri Compromise - 1820

14. North and South Economy of the North Family farms Free labor Commerce Early Industrialization Economy of the South Overwhelmingly rural economy Dependent on cotton and slavery

15. Slavery in American South Institution of slavery survived for several reasons Economically viable No easy way to abolish it Commitment to protection of private property Racist thinking Slaves regarded as chattel property No recourse to law or constitutional protection Routine beating, sexual exploitation Separation of slave families

16. Abolitionist Movement Militant antislavery movement in 1830’s Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator Former slaves - Frederick Douglas Balance between free and slave states Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act - 1854 “Bleeding Kansas” Dred Scott decision - 1857 John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry

17. U.S. Civil War 1861-1865 Republican Party opposed slavery Abraham Lincoln - 1809-1865 South sees his election as president as victory for cause of eradicating slavery Confederate troops fire on Fort Sumpter Start of most destructive war in U.S. history Emancipation Proclamation - 1863 Transformed Northern cause from suppressing a Southern rebellion to that of extending liberty

18. Reconstruction South occupied by Northern armies Thirteenth Amendment Freed the slaves Fourteenth Amendment Granted citizenship to former slaves Fifteenth Amendment Allowed former slaves to vote Achieving true equality would not be so easy

19. Importance of the Civil War With the exception of Taiping Rebellion, Civil War was greatest war between Napoleonic wars and World War I Establishment of continent-wide free labor market North America open to economic development Free labor would become American norm American political and economic interests Developed without distraction of debates over States’ right and morality of slavery

20. Canadian Experience Treaty of Paris of 1863 All of Canada under British control English and French speaking populations 30,000 English loyalists fled to Canada Larger English presence, loyal to Crown Constitutional Act of 1791 Upper Canada - primarily English Low Canada - primarily French

21. Road to Self-Government British determined to avoid another revolution Earl of Durham sent to make reforms Report on the Affairs of British North America Proposed both provinces should be united Durham felt it would lead to thoroughly English culture throughout Canada Canada Act of 1840 Same approach later in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa

22. A Distinctive Culture Canadians exercised self-government Distinctive England and French cultures Fear of American expansionism Move in 1862 to unite Maritime Provinces North American Act of 1867 Created a Canadian federation Less emphasis on states’ rights than in U.S. John A. MacDonald - 1815-1891 Most responsible for new government

23. The Crimean War 1854-1856 Contest over Black Sea peninsula Russian-Ottoman rivalry Russian drive southward British and French back Ottoman Turks Protect their interests in eastern Mediterranean Image of invincible Russia shattered Also shattered power of Concert of Europe To settle international disputes on continent

24. Italian Unification Giuseppe Mazzini - 1805-1872 Giuseppe Garibaldi - 1807-1882 Sought to drive out Austria Count Camillo Cavour - 1810-1861 Person who achieved unification Worked for free trade, railway construction Felt Italy had to prove itself to Great Powers Backed British and French in Crimean War Victor Emanuel II proclaimed king - 1861

25. Otto von Bismarck - 1815-1898 Prussian leader William I - r. 1861-1888 Appointed Bismarck prime minister in 1862 Moved against liberal parliament Support of conservative army, bureaucracy Goal of uniting Germany Kleindeutch approach War with Denmark in 1864 Austro-Prussian War in 1866

26. Franco-Prussian War Bismarck looked for opportunity to bring Southern German states into confederation Able to goad France into war Franco-Prussian War Overwhelming German victory German unification - January 28, 1871 Power rested in monarchy and army Seemed to prove nationalist goals could only be achieved by armed force

27. Eastern Europe Age of nationalism, liberalism, industrialism Habsburg empire remained primarily Dynastic, absolutist, agrarian Francis Joseph - r. 1848-1916 Tried to impose centralized administration Annoyed Hungarians Ausgleich (Compromise) - 1867 Creation of dual monarchy

28. Unrest Other national groups opposed Compromise Czechs, Serbo-Croatians, Ruthenians, etc. Resented Austrian and Hungarian dominance Major source of political instability Serbo-Croatians and Poles wanted own states Many nationalities looked to Russia for help Austrian Germans hated non-Germans Nationality problems plagued German, Austrian and Russian states

29. Racial Theory Growth of articulated racial theory Explanation for culture and history of groups Arthur de Gobineau - 1816-1882 Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races Troubles of western civilization Long degeneration of original white Aryan race Intermarried with inferior yellow, black races Houston Stewart Chamberlain - 1855-1927 Concept of biological determinism through race

30. Anti-Semitism Political and racial anti-Semitism emerged from this atmosphere of racial thought Religious anti-Semitism dated to Middle Ages Since French Revolution western European Jews Had gained entry into civil life Britain, France, Austria, Germany Anti-Semitism associated Jews with money Finance capitalism changed Europe Bred more hostility toward Jews

31. Birth of Zionism Theodor Herzl - 1860-1904 Founder of Zionist movement The Jewish State Desire to find a homeland for the Jews Initially not focused solely on Palestine Originally a combination of A rejection of anti-Semitism Desire to establish some of the ideals of liberalism and socialism in state outside Europe