미래 application 들을 위한 network solutions 에 대한 연구 March 23, 2004 Younghee Lee

1. 미래 application 들을 위한 network solutions에 대한 연구 March 23, 2004 Younghee Lee

2. Content • Requirements for future applications • NGI • Ubiquitous computing • Problems of today’s Internet • Possible solutions • MPLS • Active & programmable network • Overlay network • Ad hoc network, Sensor network • (knowledge plane) • Research activities of cnlab ICU

3. Requirements for future the Internet applications • NGI • Increased Capability • Advanced end-to-end networking technologies: • Reliability,Robustness, Security, QoS/differentiation of service (including multicast and video),Network management (Including allocation and sharing of bandwidth) • Increased Capacity • The “100x” testbed — at speeds 100 times faster end to end than today’s Internet. • Applications • Collaboration technologies, Digital libraries, Distributed computing, Privacy and security, Remote operation and simulation

4. Requirements for future the Internet applications • Networking for Ubiquitous computing (IBM) • Plug-and-play networking • Requires “smarter” infrastructure • Self configuration • Auto-discovery and Service access • Proximity based connectivity • Hidden computing • Spontaneous networking • Security and Privacy • Access and connectivity rules

5. Requirements for future the Internet applications • Architecture for pervasive computing system • Networked Apps, API • Power conscious Apps • HW and middleware aware • Disconnected model when possible • Middleware/Networking Stacks • Utilizing existing stacks if possible • Lightweight networking for peers • Complexity pushed to infrastructure for Internet access • Radio/BB/MAC • Integrated RF design • Low power transmitter (1 mW) • Power conscious MAC • Encryption • Ubiquitous system interface

6. Requirements for future the Internet applications • 2-5 years later • Environment • Smart Spaces, Internet Appliances, Things-that-think, Car, Home Networks, Body-on-the-Net • Technology • Intergrated/embedded Networking (low cost, Low power), "Lightweight" IP and Networking Services, Spontaneous Networking, Wireless, Universal connectivity • The future of the Internet is not multimedia(only). • The future of QoS networks is cloudy • Primary driver for advanced networking? • The future multimedia applications? or • computer to computer data networking • Challenges in nomadicity: • Location independence, Device independence, Widespread access, Security, Adaptability to new technologies, Friendly interface, Partitioning functionality into co-operating software entities

7. Requirements for future the Internet applications • Different applications needs different security services • Confidentiality, Integral, availability, non-repudiation, Access control, Authentication • lacking : authorization and quality of service • Four concrete application areas for further bandwidth usage: • Real-time synchronization: User will have data and media on various devices and in various central server and decentral (think your P2P storage of movies) places, and user want to have access to this data and media all the time everywhere. • Media usage:If it can take only 10 seconds for movie download, people will use that bandwidth. Then they will sample movies and TV and download more. User will share with friends sending a full movie via email like mp3 files? • Life Storage: By far the biggest driver will be the recording, transmission and storage of whole life. (Data, Information, knowledge, wisdom) • Gaming: When you get real-time 3D worlds inhabited by thousands of avatars interacting with each other, and your local gaming environment always needs to be on top of all the developments in this world, then your bandwidth usage will skyrocket. NxN multicast

8. Questions • Network service 측면: • 어떻게 저 많은 서비스 요구사항을 네트워크가 만족시킬 수 있는지? • 현재 망 차원에서는 불가능? • Network control 측면: • 어떻게 저 다양한 응용서비스가 네트워크를 control 하면서 각자의 구미에 맞게끔 네트워크를 이용할 수 있을지? • No control plane for application in the Internet(best effort service case)

9. Problems of today’s Internet • Internet design principles • Internet Architecture : Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles: • minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks • best effort service model • stateless routers • decentralized control Big differences with connection oriented telecommunication networks (PSTN, PSDN, ATM,…)

10. Problems of today’s Internet • Internet design principles • End-to-End Argument • If the application can implement a functionality correctly, implement it a lower layer only as a performance enhancement • Application has more information about the data and the semantic of the service it requires (e.g., can check only at the end of each data unit) • A lower layer has more information about constraints in data transmission (e.g., packet size, error rate) • Rule of Thumb • Implementing a functionality at a lower level should have minimum performance impact on the application that do not use the functionality • What About Other Services?: Multicast? Quality of Service (QoS)?

11. Distributed Simulation Distance Learning Games User User Video Conferencing No Information Too Complex No Control Why Is It Not Happening? • Network QoS model is too primitive. • Large gap between network and application QOS • Too low level; hard to use • Applications have insufficient information about the network to make informed decisions. • Am I using a modem or a gigabit Ethernet? • Where can I get more bandwidth • Service providers have little control over how their traffic is handled. • No customization • Implication to active network, overlay network, ad hoc network? • Knowledge plane?

12. Problems of the Global Internet • Problems and requirements • Various Internet attackers: spam e-mail,.. • Need protect users and network itself from attacker • ISP Service differentiation: QoS • Third party’s involvement • 정부, ISP 등이 위해정보 차단, 세금징수 등.. • Multiway communication • Firewall in the network, traffic filters, NAT for address space management • (Congestion control, incentive) • How can we solve all these problems or requirements of the Global Internet ? • Location? • Labeling for packet discrimination?… • How to improve and evolve current Internet respecting e2e argument principle?

13. Network processor • Today’s gateways and backbone routers can never be fast enough • Cannot keep up with fiber capacity • Cheap, monolithic “superprocessor” : Intel IXP nnnn • Replacing rack-mount routers • Also processing higher layer protocol • QoS, encryption

14. MPLS • QoS routing? • Bandwidth?, Delay? • Delay-constrained leastcost (NP-complete) • DiffServ, IntServ • Stateless or stateful ? • Challenge: features of stateful solutions, but at the cost of stateless solutions • Can MPLS be a candidate ? • Differentiate flows for optimum performance and services • Push complexity of control plane to data plane • Positive. But what about IP network design principle? : Stateless

15. Programmable Platforms • Stateful solutions need a complex control plane • Control plane: difficult to develop and debug • open flexible control plane • Open programmable interface (API) • user, network node, third party : resource manipulate or reprogram • open signaling: IEEE 1520 • Related standard • IETF General Switch Management Protocol(GSMP) • Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) • The Multiservice Switching Forum (MSF)

16. Active Networks • Various active network research(mostly funded by DARPA) • ANTS/PAN ( MIT), SwitchWare (Upenn), Liquid Software (Arizona), NetScript (Columbia), Janos (Utah), ANTS/Detour (Washington), OpenetLab (Nortel), CANES (Georgia Tech), Genesis (Columbia), Panda (UCLA), Smart Packets (BBN), DARWIN (CMU), Active Networks and Novel Network Management Technology (GE), ABLE (Bell Labs) • Very active until 2000 • About 6 projects are active now in US • Activeware (MIT) Liquid Software (U. Arizona) Scout Operating System (U. Arizona) Spin Operating System (U. Washington)Switch Ware Project (Upenn NOW Network of Workstations (U. Berkeley) • FAIN(Future Active IP Networks) • R&D project under the Information Society Technologies (IST) program : 3 years from 2000 funded by Commission of the EU • Various European countries, Hitachi, Upenn • open, flexible, programmable and dependable (reliable, secure, and manageable) network architecture based on novel active node concepts.

17. Active Networks • “programmability into the network”, • “new services are introduced fast”. • Problems • What is the killer application? Incentive? • Need of processing power • end to end argument point of view • contradict the end-to-end principle: a function or service should be carried out within a network layer only if it is needed by all clients of that layer • consonant with end-to-end arguments: programmability may allow a network client to implement precisely the service it needs, an outcome

18. Active networks for something • Execution at right place; • Something would prefer to be executed at intermediate node rather than end node • Characteristics of functions • closely related with network control or node data manipulation • Congestion, multicast, QoS, sensor node,… • reactive on right time at right place • Adaptive to network changes or context changes • For pervasive computing • Context => event => service • How to describe service?: service description • How to discover optimum service?: service discovery • How to execute them on right time at right place?: agent • application specific and temporal only to certain application • If it’s common to every application, we don’t need active networking

19. Active networks for something(1) • Active networking for the GRID • Active P2P Grid architecture • Self-adapting, self-configurable, self manageable grids • Active overlay network • Application Level Active Networks (ALAN) • Active sensor network • Adaptive to network situation, decided by application • Active routing for ad-hoc network: Seamless integration • Programmable network management • Applying Active networks to Network management • Smart Packets(BBN)

20. Active networks for something(2) • Active Networking in Pervasive Computing • situation(context) aware, dynamic, adaptive,…. • Mobility discovery • Pan-network server service • Agent: execution on behalf of application at better place • Active Networking for OPES • OPES: Services deployed at application level intermediaries i in the network to transform filter content • Caching, virus scanning, language translation, … , … • Active node to execute the code for specific application • Message containing the code or rule set • video transcoding, virus filter and so on... • Active networking for knowledge plane concept • Knowledge based network control for effective network • Agent execution for various applications • Information gathering, knowledge discovery, …

21. Overlay Network • Motivations • Changes in the network happen very slowly • Why?: Network services are end-to-end • Proposed changes that haven’t happened yet: • Congestion (RED ‘93); More Addresses (IPv6 ‘91), Security (IPSEC ‘93); Multi-point (IP multicast ‘90) • An isolated virtual network deployed over an existing network • Composed of Hosts, Routers, Tunnels • IP service: e2e datagram service • Multicast, QoS services need stateful protocols only for control state over IP networks => e2e edge/overlay service • Application level intermediaries

22. Overlay Network • New service deployment without network updates • Performance drawback compared to the case with network updates • Potential Benefits • Easier to deploy • only requires adding software to end hosts • Potentially simplifies support for higher level functionality • leverage computation and storage of end systems • e.g., packet buffering, transcoding of media streams, ACK aggregation • leverage solutions for unicast congestion control and reliability

23. Overlay Network: applications • Applications • Multicast • Quality of Service • Mobility • Addressing: 6bone, IP-NL ; enhanced NAT • Security • Web caching, CDN, P2P • Related IETF activities • Web Replication and Caching (WREC) • Taxonomy, requirements • Content Delivery Internetworking (CDI) • Settlements, SLAs, property rights • Web Intermediaries (WEBI) • Content Invalidation Protocol • Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES) • Rules-based invocation of proxylet services

24. Overlay multicast: (Overcast) • Scalable, efficient, and reliable distribution of high quality video • Large groups ~ millions of nodes • Typical application: content distribution • Designed for throughput intensive content delivery • Streaming, file distribution • Not good for gaming application: latency problem • Server based infrastructure • ICU : • 1 to N, N to N multicast for streaming service • High performance forwarding engine in kernel level

25. Knowledge Plane • Concern over risks of increased reliance on networks • The role of the network is growing more quickly than our ability to manage • Network-centric warfare has promise and peril • The civilian economy is alternately helped and hurt by the Internet • Key Idea: The Internet Knowledge Plane as a basis for making progress in cognition while exploring a new vision for network architecture • New “collective cognitive” mechanisms for supporting cooperation and learning • A coherent management infrastructure for the Internet that does not compromise its strengths ;e2e • Additional military benefits: quick deployment, more effective networks, and reduced reliance on human experts • 초기개념 형성단계 • 다양한 응용서비스가 필요한 지식정보를 공유: 응용별로 망 구성을 위한 별도의 정보 획득 및 조치 불 필요

26. THE KNOWLEDGE PLANE K-Application “Why?”: Network fault detection, isolation, and repair K-Base Inference rules, diagnostic procedures Models Models of Internet structure, application behavior, requirements Perception Action Sensors Actuators • Departures from expectation • Departures from design E • Element failures • Misconfiguration • Attacks E E E Knowledge plane:

27. Algorithmic game theory Bayes belief nets, machine learning, genetic algorithms, neural networks, expert systems Domain-specific languages RKF, DAML, Knowledge Representation, dimensionality reduction M P K Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) Active Networks, Sensor Nets, CoABS, various overlay networks DASADA, NMS Knowledge plane:Technology Foundations

28. Knowledge plane:Technology Foundations

29. Knowledge plane:summary • An net that builds itself using high-level specification. • Very different net from the Internet. • We might experiment with knowledge overlays • What is different? • Edge-involvement. • Visibility of “application-level” behavior. • Global perspective. • Compositional structure. • Unified approach. • Cognitive framework

30. Ad hoc network: application • Military environments: was motivation & strong candidate • soldiers, tanks, planes • Need mobility, avoid SPF, rapidly deployable, Multi-hop to reach to person outside of LOS(line of sight), when existing infrastructure is unavailable • Survivable Radio Network(SURAN), Global Mobile(GloMo) Information System • Civilian environments • taxi cab network, automobile communications(Cellular + ad hoc+..) • Meetings/conferences • sports stadiums, super market, Hotel… • boats, small aircraft • Emergency operations • search-and-rescue • policing and fire fighting • Personal area networking • cell phone, laptop, head phone, wrist watch, multimedia devices • Wearable computing

31. Ad hoc network • MANET nodes • End system and also Network nodes • Discussion: Aspect of “End to End Arguments” in MANET? • With wireless mobile host • May need multiple hops to reach a destination

32. Sensor Network • Applications of sensor network • Home network for pervasive computing • Habitat monitoring • Environmental observation and forecasting systems: Columbia River Estuary • Smart Dust • Biomedical sensors • Military applications

33. Classifications of Sensor Nets • Sensor position • Static (Habitat, CORIE, Biomedical) • Mobile (Smart Dust, Biomedical) • Goal-driven • Monitoring: Real-time/Not-real-time (Habitat, Smart Dust) • Forecasting (CORIE) • Function substitution (Biomedical) • … • Communication medium • Radio Frequency (Habitat, CORIE, Biomedical) • Light (Smart Dust)

34. Common Challenging Issues • Limited computation and data storage • Sensor design (Multi-objective sensors), Cooperation among sensors • Data aggregation and interpretation • Low power consumption • Wireless communication • Medium, ad hoc vs. infrastructure, topology and routing • Data-related issues • Trade-off between latency and energy: reactive? proactive? • Data representation: Raw/Compressed data • Error calibration: No access to real values, Inferred from other sensors • Continuous operation: Long-term data collection • Renewable power source.: Solar energy, Mechanical vibrations, Radio-Frequency inductance, Infrared inductance • Inaccessibility – network adjustment and retasking • Robustness and fault tolerance

35. Uncertain Conclusion • Need many thing between applications and very high speed networks • Pay too much attention only to HSN? • Intermediaries: Middleware • Interim solution: overlay network? • Ultimate solution? • Knowledge plane? • Totally new global network? • Solutions for local environment? • Sensor network, ad-hoc network, WPAN,…

36. Computer Network Lab. • People • 7 Ph.d students, 4 Ms Students • Research • Network Supports for Pervasive Computing In Home Networking environments: making home more comfortable, safe and convenient, controlling devices automatically without user’s knowledge • Pervasive Network Access • Zero-configuration performed over entire networks of nodes • Mobility management: adaptive mobility • Context aware semantic service discovery • Automatic service discovery with minimized user’s intervention

37. Computer Network Lab. • Research • Active networking: making the network intelligent and programmable for high quality Internet services • Congestion control, multicast, QoS, sensor network node,… • Reactive on right time at right place • Overlay Network: making the end node computers working like network nodes immediate new network service • Overlay multicast: Split -join • Programmable overlay • Ad hoc network: making the computer nodes to construct the network by themselves • Ad hoc routing: Proactive-reactive Hybrid type • Address auto-configuration

38. Computer Network Lab. • Research direction • Adaptive networks • Self configuration: zero configuration • Mobile devices, ad hoc devices,… • Dynamically adapt to the requirements of applications and situation changes • Service discovery • Semantic service discovery: Currently Home network environment • Inexact matching • Interworking between existing middleware ;Jini, Havi, UPnP… • Extend to Global network environment including mobile network • OSGI

39. Semantic service discovery • Ontologies in home environment • Advantage of our ontology structure • Low complexity • Easily define relation between device and service • Enabling the composition of services and device attributes based query message

40. Semantic service discovery • Ontology structure • Device ontology • A smallest physical unit of providing a service • Service ontology • Primitive service composition, and primitive service and device attribute composition • Primitive service ontology • A smallest logical unit of providing service • A mediator between device and service • Attribute ontology • Device attributes • Represent device attribute efficiently • State Variable / Control Interface ontology • models state of primitive services with state variables and control primitive service through control interfaces

41. Implementation • System Model • Jini-based client / service model

42. Control Data Implementation • Architecture of Extended Lookup Service Lookup Service Device description Repository Registry Device/Service Description Ontology Inferencing Engine Request Reply Evaluator Dynamic-valueExtractor Request dynamic value Location Server . Device . . Reply dynamic value Request of evaluation Result of evaluation Matching Manager QueryInterpreter Service register Service request message Service request message Service Client

43. NGIS Applications: Internet TV, Multimedia Comm. NGIS Middleware Architecture NGIS 네트워킹 미들웨어 메타데이타 변환 엔진 N to N Multicast - Topology Management 1 to N Multicast - Bandwidth Acquisition MPEG-7 Ontology - Ontology Management Fast Packet Forwarding Engine Transformation Engine IXP 기반의 고성능 인터넷 정합장치 NGIS middleware • NGIS 미들웨어 구조

44. Level-0 : Sender Level-1 Level-2 Networking Middleware • 1-to-N Multicast • Target: High-quality multimedia streaming • Requirement: Bandwidth Stability • Approach: Split & Combine

45. Networking Middleware • Fast Packet Forwarding Engine • Overlay Multicast 패킷을 적은 Latency로 Forwarding • Forwarding Engine: Kernel 영역에 위치 • buffering의 최소화

46. Networking Middleware • Fast Packet Forwarding Engine • Protocol Update Engine: 현재 등록된 Protocol의 정보 수정 • Protocol Interface: Enhanced Socket Interface for Overlay Multicast