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LATIN LESSONS FROM HARRY POTTER

LATIN LESSONS FROM HARRY POTTER. by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen. THE IMPORTANCE OF LATIN. In Medieval times, Latin was the universal language. Latin was the language of the Roman Catholic church. This was truly a universal church at the time.

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LATIN LESSONS FROM HARRY POTTER

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  1. LATIN LESSONS FROM HARRY POTTER by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen 56

  2. THE IMPORTANCE OF LATIN • In Medieval times, Latin was the universal language. • Latin was the language of the Roman Catholic church. This was truly a universal church at the time. • Writers who wanted their writing to be widely read had to write in Latin. • Not only was Latin a universal language in the Middle Ages, but various dialects of Latin later became the following languages: 56

  3. THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES • Italian • French • Spanish • Portuguese • Romanian 56

  4. LATIN WORDS IN ENGLISH • Many words were directly borrowed from Latin into English. • And many other Latin words that had become Italian, French, Spanish, or Portuguese also became English words on two continents: • In England from • French during the 100 years of Norman rule • French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese because of contact with English speakers • In America • French from Canada and from New Orleans • Spanish from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Central America, the Caribbean, and Latin America 56

  5. LANGUAGE CHANGE AND LANGUAGE PLAY • But through time, Latin had to change to adapt to new situations. • The play of language allowed Latin to adapt to new social, legal, religious, political and scientific realities. • As new things were discovered or invented, Latin adapted to fit the new discoveries or inventions… • in exploration • in law • in medicine • in religion • and in science. 56

  6. THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE CHANGE • The four most common kinds of language change are: • Connotation • Amelioration • Pejoration • Denotation • Generalization • Specialization 56

  7. TWO WAYS OF STUDYING LANGUAGE CHANGE • Top Down: (Analytic or figuring things out) • This approach starts with today’s sophisticated concepts and works backwords • It is an analysis of complex ideas like LIFE IS A JOURNEY, or LIFE IS A RIVER • It is oriented more toward the past. • Bottom up (Synthetic or Generative): • This is a process approach • Concepts start out as simple and become more and more complex. • This is the way language actually works through time. • It is oriented more toward the present and the future. 56

  8. LATIN AND THE HARRY POTTER BOOKS • J. K. Rowling uses Latin for the names of characters, places, charms and spells. • This makes her books easy to translate because these characters, places, charms and spells don’t have to be changed. • The Harry Potter books have been translated into more than thirty languages. • Reading the Harry Potter books (in any language) therefore has a side benefit of being a lesson in Latin. 56

  9. Expelliarmus! • When people wanted to disarm a person, they would say, “Expelliarmus!” • When Draco Malfoy bursts through the door at the top of the Astronomy Tower at the end of The Half-Blood Prince (book 6), he shouts “Expelliarmus!” at Professor Dumbledore. • Dumbledore’s wand flies away and arcs over the ramparts to fall to the ground below. 56

  10. To Expell • Students will know what it means to be expelled from school. • Expelled students have been sent away from school. • In the same way, Dumbledore’s weapons (arms) have been sent away from Dumbledore. 56

  11. To arm • Latin “armus, armi” refers to the “shoulder.” • In English the word “arm” has been extended in three ways: • To things that are shaped like arms (“arm of a chair,” “armature” of a motor, “yard arm” of a ship) • To things associated with arms (“arm band,” “arm rest”) • To extensions of our reach (“fire arms,” “small arms,” “army”) 56

  12. Alarm, Armada, Armadillos, Armistice Day, Armoires, Coat of Arms Choose from the above words to complete the following sentences: 1. _____, now called Veterans’ Day in the United States, originally celebrated the end of World War I when everyone agreed to “stand up” their arms. 2. European families used a _____ to identify or symbolize their families. 56

  13. 3. The word _____ came into English through the French word “alarme” and the Italian call to arms, “all’arme.” 4. _____, which today are large chests used mostly to hide television sets, were originally designed to store arms such as guns and swords. 5. Spanish explorers called their armed ships an _____. 6. In the New World when explorers saw animals with shells scurrying across the desert, they named them ____, Spanish for “little armored ships.” 56

  14. New Charms Created by Alleen’s Class: • Ablegatio! (A banishing spell) • Distortio! (Charm to change the shape of something) • Kissamous Amoré! (a love charm) • Lipporiddius! (Charm to lose weight) • Lostis Returnus! (Charm to find something you lost) 56

  15. New Inventions Invented by Alleen’s Class • Geriatric Gobbler: A giant turkey that eats snowbirds • Luftreise: A better broom with German engineering. It has a seat more like a bicycle, and optional handlebars to hold onto • Swiffoffator: A new broom that will pick up owl dander. It’s named for those new Swiffer products. 56

  16. TEACHER MODELING FOR GENERATING NEW STUDENT SENTENCES • TEACHER: • In nearly all countries, taxpayers support some kind of an army. • Armor is heavy protection worn on the body or put on a vehicle. 56

  17. STUDENTS: Use the following words in sentences: • “armed forces” • “to arm a bomb” • “up in arms” • “to disarm the enemy” • “armor” • “firearms” • Relate “armadillo” to “peccadillo.” • Relate “armistice” to “summer solstice” and “winter solstice.” 56

  18. Densaugeo! • Explain to students that “Densaugeo!” causes the teeth to grow uncontrollably. • Explain that Draco Malfoy once aimed this curse at Harry Potter, but it bounced off and hit Hermione. • Then break the word down into its two parts, “dens” and “augeo,” and explain: 56

  19. Latin “dens, dentis” means “tooth.” And explain how the following English words relate to the concept of “tooth.” • Indented paragraph • Dented fender • Rodents • “al dente” (vegetables that need chewing) • dentifrice • dentate edges on leaves • dentures 56

  20. Latin “augeo, augere, auctus” means “increase.” Have students comment on the following: • Caesar Augustus • Auctioneer • Auxiliary Organizations • To Augment your Income • Augmentative in grammar (the opposite of a diminutive) • Auxiliary Verb (Helping verb like “be,” “have,” or “do” 56

  21. AN ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF LATIN PERSONS, PLACES AND THINGS IN HARRY POTTER: 56

  22. Aparecium! • from Latin “appareo, apparere” meaning “to come into sight” • “Aparacium!” is the spell used to make invisible ink visible. • Related English words include: • apparent, apparently • apparition • appear and appearance • disappear and disappearance 56

  23. Cruciatus! (See also “Horcrux”) • from Latin “crux, crucis” meaning “cross” • “Cruciatus!” is an unforgivable curse. • Other English words include: • crucial • crucible • crucifix and crucifixion • the crusades • crutch • the crux of the matter • to crucify someone • to double-cross someone 56

  24. Dementors • from Latin “mens, mentis” meaning “mind” • “Dementors” are creatures who suck out human minds and souls. • Related words in English include: • demented and dementia • Mensa (organization of smart people) • mental and mentality • mentally retarded • “non compos mentis” (legal term for “not of sound mind”) 56

  25. Expecto Patronum! • from Latin “patronus, patroni” meaning “patron” or “father.” English “father” is etymologically related to “patronus” • “Expecto Patronum!” is a charm which brings one’s protector. Harry’s patronus is his father, an animagus who takes the form of a stag. • Related words in English include: • patron and patron of the arts • patronage • patronym • to patronize someone 56

  26. Felix Felices • from Latin “Felix, Felicis” meaning “fruitful” • “Felix Felices” is a good luck potion. • Related English words include: • Felicitous • Felix (the name) • Felicitations (the greeting) • Felicity (happiness) 56

  27. Horcrux • from Old English “horreum, horri” meaning “Storehouse” • and from Latin “crux” meaning “cross” • Horcruxes are “sacred” objects in which Lord Voldimort has stored parts of his soul to give himself immortality • Related English words include: • to hoard or a hoard of people • the crucifixion or to crucify • a crutch • something crucial 56

  28. Impedimenta! • from Latin “pes, pedis” meaning “foot” • “Impedimenta!” is a spell used to slow down or stop an attacker. • Related words in English include: • centipede • expedite and expedition • impede and impediment • peddler • pedometer • pedestal • pedestrian • pedicure and pedicurist 56

  29. Incarcerous! • from Latin “carcer” “carceris” meaning “prison or jail cell” • “Incarcerous!” is a charm which binds people with rope. • Related English words include: • incarceration • to incarcerate 56

  30. Incendio! • from Latin “incendium, incendii” meaning “fire” • “Incendio!” is a spell for lighting a fire. • Related words in English include: • incense and to incense someone • incendendiary bullets (tracer bullets so the rifleman can see where the bullets are hitting) • incendiary bomb and incendiary comment 56

  31. Lumos! • Harry Potter said, “Lumos!” when he wanted light. • This is from Latin “lumen, luminis” meaning “light.” • Compare Italian words like “luminoso” meaning “bright.” • Compare French words like “lumineux.” • Compare English words like “luminous.” 56

  32. Levicorpus! • from Latin “levis, levies” meaning “light or not heavy” • “Levicorpus!” is a curse which lifts the victims’ bodies up and hangs them upside down. • The counter charm is “Liberacorpus!” • Related English words include: • to levitate • to elevate or elevation • an elevator • a levee • unleavened bread 56

  33. Levicorpus! (second part) • “Levicorpus!” is also related to Latin “corpus, corporis” meaning “body.” • Related English words include: • corporation • corpse • corpsman (in the military) • corpulent (overweight) • incorporated • Marine Corps 56

  34. Lord Voldemort (See also “Morsmordre!”) • from Latin “mors, mortis” meaning “death” • “Voldemort” is French for “flight from death” (cf. English “volleyball.” • Related English words include: • martyr • morbid • mortal, immortal and mortality • mortgage, and to amortize a debt • mortified • mortuary, morgue • murder • postmortem • rigor mortis 56

  35. Malfoy • from Latin “malum, mali” meaning “evil or harm” • “Malfoy” in Old French means “bad faith” and this is the surname of Lucius, Narcissus and Draco. • Related words in English include: • malady malaria • malcontent malevolent • malice aforethought malicious • malignant malnourished • malodorous malpractice 56

  36. Mer- • from Latin “mare, maris” meaning “sea” • The prefix “mer-” is used for anything related to the “merpeople” who live underwater. Their behavior is “mermish” and their songs are “mersongs,” etc. • Related words in English include: • marina • marinara sauce • marine biologist • Marine Corps • mariner’s compass • mermaid • to emerse something as in “baptism by emersion” • to marinate something 56

  37. Morsmordre! (See “Lord Voldemort”) • “Morsmordre!” is the command that makes the Dark Mark appear. • The Dark Mark is the sign of death. 56

  38. Occlumency • from Latin “Excludo, Excludere” meaning “to exclude” • “Occlumency” is a spell which skilled magicians use to keep others from reading their minds. • Related English words include: • exclusion or to exclude • occlusion 56

  39. Occlumency (second part) • “Occlumency” also comes from Latin “mens, mentis” meaning “the mind, understanding, reason, intellect, judgement” • Related English words include: • mental • demented • mentality • mentally ill 56

  40. Omnioculars • from Latin “omnis” meaning “all” • “Omnioculars” are better than binoculars as they allow viewers to see everything in slow motion through instant replay. • Related words in English include: • omnibus (later shortened to “bus”) • omnipotent (all powerful) • omnipresent (ubiquitous) • omniscient (all knowing) • omnivore (eats everything) 56

  41. Oppugno! • from Latin “pugno, pugnare” meaning “to fight, or to give battle” • “Oppugno!” is an attack command. Hermione gives it to a flock of little birds that she has conjured when she is angry at Ron for making out with Lavender Brown. • Related English words include: • pugilist • pugnacious • pug nosed 56

  42. Petrificus Totalus! • from Latin “petra, petrae” meaning “rock or stone” • “Petrificus Totalus!” is a charm used to freeze or stop someone. • Related words in English include: • Pedro, Peter, Pierre, Piero • petrified and the Petrified Forest • When Christ said “upon this rock I shall build my church,” he was talking to “Peter.” 56

  43. Portkey • from Latin “porta, portae” meaning “gate or door” • Whoever touches a “portkey” is transported to the portkey’s place. • Related English words include: • airports passports • port hole (on a ship) portable • seaports portfolio • Portland Portsmouth • to import, to export, to deport • to portage a canoe transportation 56

  44. Prior Incanto! • from Latin “canto, cantare” meaning “to sing or chant” • “Prior Incanto!” is a charm that reveals the most recent spell performed by a wand. • Related English words include: • cantata • Cantor (a Jewish name) • chants • Encanto Park (enchanted) • enchantment • incantations • to recant something 56

  45. Renervate! • from Latin “renovo, renovare” meaning “to renew, renovate, or repair” • “Renervate!” is a charm to restore a person’s health or energy. • Related English words include: • renovate and renovation • renew and renewal • nova and supernova • novel 56

  46. Sectumsempra! • from Latin “seco, secare, secui, sectum” meaning “to cut” • “Sectumsempra!” is a curse that wounds or cuts someone. • Related English words include: • a religious sect • a sectional couch • an intersection and to intersect two lines • an appendectomy 56

  47. Sectumsempra! (second part) • from Latin “sempra” meaning always • “Sectumsempra” curses are not supposed to heal. Nevertheless, Severus Snape was able to make a counter charm when Harry used the curse on Draco Malfoy. • Related English words include: • Semper Fidelis (always faithful): the Marine Corps motto • Semper Fi (see above) 56

  48. Sonorus! • from Latin “sono, sonare” meaning “to make a sound” • “Sonorus!” is a charm to magnify one’s own voice. • Related English words include: • sonata and sonatina • sonic boom • sonnet • sonorant and sonorous • sound health • sounding board • supersonic 56

  49. Veritaserum • from Latin “verus” meaning “true” • “Veritaserum” is “truth serum.” • Related English words include: • to verify something • veracity • verdict (in court) • verification • verisimilitude 56

  50. HARRY POTTER WEB SITES INFORMATION FOR MUGGLES: www.Mugglenet.com J. K. ROWLING: http://www.jkrowling.com/ STEVE VANDER ARK & MICHELLE WORLEY: The Harry Potter Lexicon http://www.hp-lexicon.org/index-2.html TERMINUS: www.terminus2008.org 56

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