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Nervous System

Nervous System. Kara Robbins. Function. Major controlling, regulatory, and communication system of the body Center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory Responsible (along with endocrine system) for regulating and maintaining homeostasis. Nervous System.

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Nervous System

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  1. Nervous System Kara Robbins

  2. Function Major controlling, regulatory, and communication system of the body Center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory Responsible (along with endocrine system) for regulating and maintaining homeostasis

  3. Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Connects CNS to limbs and organs: carries information to and from the CNS Comprised of two parts: Somatic Automatic Major parts: Nerves Neurons Central Nervous System • Processing center: receives information and sends information out to peripheral nervous system • Major parts: • Brain • Spinal Cord

  4. Structure of a Neuron

  5. Simple Reflex Arc

  6. Brain

  7. Nerve Impulse to Neuron • 1. Polarization of neuron’s membrane: Sodium (Na+) is on outside and Potassium (K+) is on inside • Membrane potential created by the sodium-potassium pump, pumping ions in and out of the membrane • 2. Said to be at resting potential until stimulus comes along • When neuron is not stimulated, membrane is polarized

  8. Nerve Impulse to Neuron • 3. Action potential: Sodium ions move inside membrane • When stimulus reaches neuron, gated channels open allowing Na+ ions inside membrane • Each neuron has threshold level (point where more channels open) • Inside becomes positively charged • Complete depolarization occurs and the stimulus is transmitted • 4. Repolarization: Potassium ions move outside and Sodium ions stay inside membrane • 5. Hyperpolarization: More potassium ions are on the outside than are sodium ions on the inside

  9. Nerve Impulse to Neuron • 6. Refractory period puts everything back to normal: Potassium returns inside, Sodium returns outside • Neuron returns to polarized state and stays at resting potential until another stimulus comes along

  10. Neurotransmitters Chemicals which allow from one neuron to the next across synapse Stimulate muscle fibers Nerve impulse travels from the first nerve cell through the axon—a single smooth body arising from the nerve cell— to the axon terminal and the synaptic knobs. Each synaptic knob communicates with a dendrite or cell body of another neuron, and the synaptic knobs contain neurovesicles that store and release neurotransmitters. The synapse lies between the synaptic knob and the next cell. 

  11. Neurotransmitters EPSP  synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential IPSP • kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential

  12. Alzheimer’s Disease • progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions • Symptoms: • Loss of memory • Disorientation or misinterpreting spatial relationships • Trouble speaking and writing • Change in personality and behavior • Trouble planning and performing familiar tasks • Estimated 5.2 million Americans have disease in 2013 • Treatment: • Cholinesterase inhibitors • Memantine (Namenda) • Exercise • Nutrition

  13. Multiple sclerosis • potentially debilitating disease in which your body's immune system eats away at the protective sheath (myelin) that covers your nerves • Symptoms: • Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs • Partial or complete loss of central vision, usually in one eye, often with pain during eye movement (optic neuritis) • Double vision or blurring of vision • Tingling or pain in parts of your body • Electric-shock sensations that occur with certain head movements • Tremor, lack of coordination or unsteady gait • Slurred speech • Fatigue • Dizziness • 2.5 million people have disease worldwide • Treatment: • Corticosteroids • Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) • Physical therapy • Muscle relaxants • Medication

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