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1970s

1970s. Chapter 39. I can…. I can analyze the causes and the consequences of the Watergate scandal and the OPEC Oil Embargo. Stagnant Economy. The economy had rapid gains since WWII. The standard of living in the US had increased 225% since 1945. By the 1970s, the economy slowed.

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1970s

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  1. 1970s Chapter 39

  2. I can… • I can analyze the causes and the consequences of the Watergate scandal and the OPEC Oil Embargo.

  3. Stagnant Economy • The economy had rapid gains since WWII. • The standard of living in the US had increased 225% since 1945. • By the 1970s, the economy slowed.

  4. Factors in 70s Economy • Baby boomers entering workforce • Women and teens working • Shift from manufacturing to service • Vietnam War • Rising oil prices • More government programs without a tax increase • Foreign competition • Failure to modernize to more efficient methods • Inflation (prices tripled)

  5. Vietnamization • Nixon very experienced in foreign affairs. • Vietnamization = slow withdrawal of US troops, increase in commitment of SV troops. • Path to victory through other means, will not quit • Nixon appealed to the “silent majority” of Americans that worked, paid taxes, but did not protest the war. • The draft caused problems, poor and AA disproportionately drafted.

  6. Vietnam • The Vietcong disguised themselves as civilians; became difficult for troops to distinguish between friend and foe. • Drug use and fragging (murder of a commanding officer) were problems for Army. • My Lai Massacre • 1968 • US troops investigating a village are ordered to kill over 200, many women and children. • Did not become public until 1970; public outraged; protests increase.

  7. Expansion of the War • Nixon talked of a troop withdrawal, but secretly sent troops into Cambodia and Laos to search for communist bases. • The Vietminh had been smuggling supplies into SV through their neighbors for years. • Protests erupt throughout the nation. • Kent St: Protesters burn the ROTC building, Ohio Nat. Guard provoked into firing; killing 4 students. • Jackson St: 2 die in Mississippi

  8. More Trouble • 1971: Pentagon Papers publish the truth about Gulf of Tonkin (1964). • Showed that Kennedy and Johnson had lied about our reasons for entering the war. • Results of Pentagon Papers, My Lai, and Cambodia = • Less trust in government officials. • 26th Amendment • 18 year olds can vote

  9. Detente • Henry Kissinger: Nixon’s Sec. of State • 1970s: USSR and China have border clashes, US sees split as an opportunity • Triangular Diplomacy: US hoped to appeal to China and USSR to end their support of North Vietnam • 1971: Nixon visits China • Meet Zedong • US/China normalize trade relations • Result = Everything you own now comes from China • 1972: Nixon visits USSR • US sells food to USSR

  10. How ya like me, Mao?

  11. Détente • SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty • 1972 • USSR and US agree to limit the number of missiles they each have • US develops MIRVs (multiple warhead missiles) to get around the new limit • Chile Revolution • US backs dictator Pinochet over pro-communist elected official • Pinochet goes on to massacre thousands, but at least he isn’t commie • 70s Latin America weather report: Chile today, hot tamale

  12. The Supremes • Chief Justice Earl Warren presided over an era of civil rights and expansion of rights of those accused of crimes • Griswold v. Connecticut: right to privacy • Gideon v. Wainwright: right to an attorney • Miranda v. Arizona: right to remain silent • Engel v. Vitale: prohibition of required school prayers • Reynolds v. Sims: fairness in House reapportionment

  13. Roe v. Wade • Nixon hated Warren because he had a “loose interpretation” of the Constitution. • Replaced retiring Warren with Warren Burger. • The Burger court shocked conservatives with their next big ruling. • Many states had laws banning abortions. • Jane Roe sued, and the SC agreed that a woman does have the right to an abortion. • Conservatives fumed, and have attempted to overturn the ruling ever since.

  14. The Nixon You Didn’t Know • Nixon supported the creation of food stamps and increases in Medicaid and Social Security for those in need. • Expanded affirmative action (programs to hire minorities) • Outlawed intelligence tests for certain jobs • Created OSHA to ensure workplace safety • Supported environmental reforms such as the EPA, Clean Air and Water Acts, and the Endangered Species Act • Almost single handedly ended the “solid south” by turning the South Republican.

  15. 1972 Election • In 68 Nixon promised to end Vietnam, 4 years later and it was still going. • Republicans re-nominate Nixon • Democrats run Senator George McGovern on a platform of immediate withdrawal. • McGovern appealed to doves and radicals, and minorities, but he drove away many traditional Democrats in 72. • McGovern lost more support when news that his VP selection had psychiatric problems was leaked. • Nixon won 520-17

  16. 1972 Election

  17. Ending Vietnam • During the election Nixon increased the bombing of NV while pushing for a peace settlement. • News came out that Nixon was still bombing Cambodia as well. • In early 1973 the US and NV agreed to a cease-fire. The US withdrew troops. • Congress passed the War Powers Act, requiring the Pres. To notify Congress before major military engagements.

  18. Results of Vietnam • 58,286 American Dead • 1.475 million total dead • War not over, North v. South will continue without the US. • Cambodia becomes communist; dictator Paul Pot murders 2 million+ • Laos becomes communist • US distrust of authority increases • Reluctance to involve our nation in war • 26th Amendment

  19. OPEC Oil Embargo • 1973: Egypt and Syria, backed by the USSR invade Israel (6Days War) • Israel, backed by US, beat back the invaders, even taking some of their territory. • In retaliation, the members of OPEC embargoed the sale of oil to the US. • With oil short, prices went up on everything. • Long lines/rationing to get gas • National speed limit set to 55 miles per hour • US begins to investigate alternate sources of energy, but it will be a slow change.

  20. Oil Crisis

  21. Watergate • 1973: Nixon’s VP Spiro Agnew is forced to resign after taking bribes. • Nixon and the Senate select Congressman Gerald Ford as the new VP • In 1972, during the election, 5 men were arrested for burglary in the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate building • At 1st it just seemed that these men were zealous supporters of Nixon, as no clear connection was made. • Reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of the Washington Post began to investigate. Eventually their stories got the attention of Congress, whom also investigated. • Remember Pentagon Papers, My Lai, Cambodia!

  22. Watergate

  23. Watergate • Nixon denied all knowledge of the incident. • As Congress began it’s interviews a former Nixon aide, John Dean, implicated Nixon, saying that he tried to cover-up the break-in, but he had no evidence. • Another White House staffer told Congress that the President records all conversations in the Oval Office. • Congress asks for the tapes, Nixon refuses stating “Executive Privilege”

  24. Richard Nixon • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sh163n1lJ4M

  25. Watergate • Nixon suddenly fires his Att. General along with other officials (“Saturday Night Massacre”) • US v. Nixon: The SC gets involved; rules that Nixon must hand over tapes • Nixon complies, but large portions of the tapes are missing • Nixon claims that his secretary accidently hit delete.

  26. Watergate

  27. Watergate • Public = mad • Supreme Court = mad • Congress = mad • Democrats = mad • Republicans = mad • House begins impeachment process. • Republican Congressmen inform Nixon that they will no longer support him • August 8, 1974: Nixon resigns

  28. Watergate • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEOGJJ7UKFM • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3U4MhKDxcw

  29. Lessons of Watergate • Rule of Law: no one is above the law, not even the president • The nation will no longer trust it’s leaders blindly • Checks and balances work

  30. 38th: Gerald Ford • Ford Timeline • 1974 • Ford Pardons Nixon • 1975 • Helsinki Accords • South Vietnam Falls

  31. Ford’s Troubles • Nixon could not be impeached after resignation, but he still could be charged as a criminal. • The nation debated the options: should a former president go to jail? What would the rest of the world think? • At every press conference Ford was bombarded with questions about Nixon’s guilt. • Ford finally issues Nixon a full pardon for any crimes he “may” have committed.

  32. Pardon Me • Many upset, but the nation moved on to other matters quickly. • Doomed Ford’s hopes of election in 1976

  33. The Finale in Vietnam • 1975: North Vietnam unleashes an all out invasion of South Vietnam. • Ford goes to Congress and asks to help SV; they say no. • Without US, SV is doomed. • The military does rescue 140,000 South Vietnamese that would have been executed for working with the US. • Containment failed; Vietnam united under communism • How far was US really willing to go to stop communism?

  34. Fall of Saigon

  35. Feminism • Aside from Roe v. Wade, feminists had some victories and defeats in the 70s. • Divorce rates tripled. • Title IX: law that requires equality among the sexes in education • Girl’s athletic teams • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Proposed and ratified by 35 states (38 needed) • Would have eliminated any discrimination based on sex. • Conservatives fought against it; felt it would be bad for families and would draft women.

  36. Civil Rights • Affirmative action laws were questioned in the 70s. • Bakke v. Univ. of California: race cannot be the only consideration in hiring and school admissions • School integration slowly dragged on 20 years after Brown v. Board • American Indian Movement (AIM) • Inspired by AA movements, AI united to push for rights. • Practiced civil disobedience by seizing Alcatraz and Wounded Knee • Courts eventually agree that AI tribes can be ruled by Congress, but not states.

  37. AIM

  38. 1976 Presidential Election • Republicans nominate Ford despite strong opposition from Ronald Reagan • Democrats nominate Georgia Gov. Jimmy Carter • Carter used a “Washington Outsider” campaign against “big government” • Played on the memories of Watergate; “I’ll never lie to you.” • His down home southern charm worked, won 297-240

  39. 1976 Election

  40. 39th James “Jimmy” Carter • 1978 • Camp David peace Accords • 1979 • Iranian revolution • Iran Hostage Crisis • SALT II • USSR invades Afghanistan

  41. America Under Carter • Carter pardoned 10,000 draft dodgers • Economic woes continue • Inflation was at 13%, very high • US was unable to dominate foreign trade • Huge budget deficits • Carter attempts to battle the economy: • Creates Department of Energy • Urged US to conserve energy and convert to renewable forms • America and Congress ignored him

  42. Carter’s Diplomacy • Carter focused on improving human rights worldwide. • Camp David Peace Accords: Got Israel and Egypt to sign a peace treaty (Egypt got land back and would respect Israel’s sovereignty) • Won Nobel Peace Prize • Brought attention to apartheid in South Africa and Zimbabwe • Gave Panama Canal to Panama • Signed SALT II with USSR- Senate didn’t ratify • Did little to stop communist incursions in Afghanistan and Africa.

  43. Iran • 1953: CIA helps the Shah of Iran gain power (Liked him because he wasn’t commie) • Many Iranians didn’t like the Shah because he tried to modernize Iran into a secular nation. • 1979: Muslim fundamentalists take over Iran, Shah flees to US • US Embassy gets taken by Iranian rebels; 66 hostages were taken.

  44. Iran Hostage Crisis

  45. Iran Hostage Crisis • The Iranians demanded that the US turn over the Shah in exchange for the hostages. • Carter refused • For two years the TV networks constantly covered the situation • Carter orders on rescue attempt, but sandstorms doom the crew of two planes. • The entire crisis made Carter seem inept; doomed any chance of reelection. • In 1980 America would turn to someone that promised to be tough on our enemies……

  46. Ronald Reagan

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