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Problem Identification

This presentation will probably involve audience discussion, which will create action items. Use PowerPoint to keep track of these action items during your presentation In Slide Show, click on the right mouse button Select “Meeting Minder” Select the “Action Items” tab

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Problem Identification

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  1. This presentation will probably involve audience discussion, which will create action items. Use PowerPoint to keep track of these action items during your presentation • In Slide Show, click on the right mouse button • Select “Meeting Minder” • Select the “Action Items” tab • Type in action items as they come up • Click OK to dismiss this box • This will automatically create an Action Item slide at the end of your presentation with your points entered. Problem Identification Md. Harunur Rashid, PhD Md. Abu Saleque, PhD In-house training, BRRI Auditorium, 15 February 2016 Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  2. Discussion session covers • Problem • Research Problem • Characteristics of a Research Problem • Where to find research problem? • Problem analysis: cause and effect, root cause • Problem tree • Objective tree • Research questions • Hypothesis

  3. What is problem and Research Problem? Problem Any obstacle or constraint that stands in the way of development or well being of the society. Research Problem It is typically a topic, phenomenon, or challenge that some one is interested in and with which he/she is at least somewhat familiar. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  4. Examples of problem (1) Overuse of phosphorus fertilizers in rice. (2) Application of insecticides to control fugal disease. (3) Low productivity in rice-fallow-rice cropping systems. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  5. Problem statement: Example • Overuse of phosphorus fertilizers in rice increases input cost and reduce profitability. Eutrophication may also results in due to excess phosphorus inputs. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  6. Problem statement: Example (2) Application of insecticides instead of fungicides does not control rice disease. Insecticide use increased the production cost. (3) Rice-fallow-rice cropping systems leaves the field under utilize. Inclusion of a non-rice crop between two rice crops may increase farm profitability. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  7. A problem is really researchable when- • There is a known solution to the problem • There are probable solutions but they are not yet tested • The solution can be answered by using statistical methods and techniques

  8. What are the Characteristics of a Good Problem????

  9. Characteristics of a good problem It should be- • interesting to the investigator • have practical value • not to be over researched • within investigators experience/expertise • Not carry legal or moral impediment • It can be finished within the allotted time.

  10. Where do you find a problem to solve? Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  11. Where to find a research problem? 1. Consult with- target group Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  12. Where to find a research problem? 2. Consult with-colleagues Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  13. Where to find a research problem? 3. Consult with- Extension personnel Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  14. Where to find a research problem? 4. Consult with- business people 5. Consult – literatures including old report Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  15. Problem analysis • Finding the causes and effects of the problem. • Finding the root cause of the problem. • Which is the problem to be solved? • Who owns the problem? • Establish the causes and effects relationship to the focal problem • The causes of the problem should be solved in a reasonable time frame and resources. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  16. Cause, effect, root cause • Nothing happens without a reason or without some kind of consequences. • Cause is the reason for an action or event. • Effect is the result of happened. In other words, cause is the why something happens, and effectis the what that has occurred as a result. • Root Cause: cause that, if corrected, would prevent recurrence of this and similar occurrences.

  17. Some examples of cause and effect

  18. Connecting words • “Connecting words” can sometimes help us to better see the cause of something and its effect • Some connecting words- - Because, consequently, therefore, since, as a result, so, thus, nevertheless, therefore

  19. Some examples of cause and effect

  20. How Is Root Cause Analysis Done? • Teams identify all possible causes of a problem • The actual root causes are identified and verified • Corrective action(s) are identified to reduce or eliminate the problem.

  21. Root Cause Tools • Cause and Effect Diagram • Scatter Diagram - prove cause-effect relationship • Control Chart - process stable? • Five Whys • Tree Diagram • Change Analysis • Barrier Analysis • Event and Causal Factor Analysis • Management Oversight & Risk Tree Analysis (MORT)

  22. Tree diagram/Problem tree Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  23. Effect Core problem Cause PROBLEM TREE

  24. Low yield High labor cost Low input use Low price of rice High irrigation cost Price uncertainty High fertilizer cost PROBLEM

  25. Define a problem “Without adequately defining the problem, researchers may find themselves going off on a “goose chase” • to tackle a vague phenomenon, • trying to deal with symptoms rather than root causes, • and wasting time, becoming frustrated, or even making the actual problem worse”. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  26. State the problem • A problem statement is a clear description of the issue for a particular topic. • It can include a vision and a method used to solve the problem. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  27. Narrowing problem focus • Problem analysis helps narrowing down the problem and separate the symptoms from root causes. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  28. Problem analysis Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  29. Yellow rice field Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  30. Yellow rice field • Extensive area of rice field became yellow at a specific location in Pangsa. • Local Upazila Agricultural Extension officers informed BRRI to visit the area and suggest solution to the problem. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  31. Yellow rice field • Several BRRI scientists visited the site. • We noticed yellow rice field first at Goalanda. • We observed yellow rice field at Pangsa. • Yellow rice fields in different plots covered about 100 ha. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  32. Yellow rice field • The crop was at panicle initiation stage in aman season. Mostly local varieties. • The field was inundated for several weeks with flood water. • We collected soil and plant samples for diagnosis nutrient related problem or disease infestation. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  33. Yellow rice field • Plant tissue was free from any infection. • Nitrogen, P, K, S and Zn deficiency was observed in the leaf sample. • Soil had reasonable organic matter content and it was rich in P, K, S and Zn. • Farmers applied N, P and K fertilizers. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  34. Is it a problem? Yellow rice field Is it a symptom? Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  35. 1. Outline areas of interest Read about your interests Observe your environment Be curious 2. Choose a topic Talk to your Colleagues Find out what others are doing 3. Narrow your topic Ask questions 4. Identify a research problem 5. Identify the purpose for your study Steps in identifying a research problem From problem to research. http:/www.annanurse.org/download/reference/…./slidesMod4.ppt

  36. Formulate problems • What is a problem? A problem is not the absence of a solution but an existing negative state: 'Crops are infested with pests' is a problem; 'No pesticides are available' is not. • What is a ‘focal problem’? One that involves the interests and problems of the stakeholders present. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  37. Problem tree analysis • The problem, objective and strategy tree analysis is one participatory tool • of mapping out main problems, along with their causes and effects, • supporting project planners to identify clear and manageable goals and • the strategy of how to achieve them. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  38. Problem tree analysis: Stages of analysis • (1) the identification of the negative aspects of an existing situation with their “causes and effects” in a problem tree, • (2) the inversion of the problems into objectives leading into an objective tree, and • 3) the decision of the scope of the project in an analysis of strategies. • The value of this type of assessment is greatest if it is carried out in a workshop with the stakeholders, giving the opportunity to establish a shared view of the situation. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  39. Structure of the problem tree showing causes and effects Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  40. Problem tree analysis http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/toolbox/EC%202004%201%20Example%20of%20a%20Problem%20Tree.jpg

  41. Effects Problem tree analysis Bad-tempered & Staff unhappy Low productivity Headache Problems Health problem No sleeping Excess drinking Arguments with partner Stress Place change Dog barking Causes

  42. Low income Effects Problem tree analysis Low rice yield Problems Late planting Low tillering Faulty fertilizer management Late recession of water Inappropriate variety High incidence of waterborne disease Drainage Increasing water logging Cause

  43. Increased income Ends Objectives tree analysis Increased rice yield Objectives Timely planting Optimum tillering Efficient fertilizer management Timely reces. of water Appropriate variety Lower incidence of waterborne disease Better drainage Water logging is reducing Means

  44. Objectives tree analysis

  45. Alternative Analysis • Identify differing 'means-ends' ladders, as possible alternative options or activity components. • Eliminate objectives that are obviously not desirable or achievable. • Eliminate objectives being pursued by other development activities in the area. • Discuss the implications for affected groups Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  46. Research question • Shape up research question by identifying where the conclusion of previous research are unclear or where gaps exist in the literature. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  47. Research question • A research question is a way of expressing your interest in a problem or phenomenon. • You may have more than one research questions. • Identifying a research question will provide greater focus on research • Clarify the direction of investigation, and decide whether the research is descriptive or experimental. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

  48. Characteristics of research question • Are specific. • Are clear. • Refer to the problem or phenomenon. • Reflect the intervention in experimental research. • Note the target group of participants. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute

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