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Immigration, Immigration “Reform,” and the Restructuring of Mexican American Politics. Mexican Americans and Politics Lecture 16 March 7, 2006. Organizational Matters. No class on Thursday, March 9 Essay 2 – returned today Midterm – returned next Tuesday
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Immigration, Immigration “Reform,” and the Restructuring of Mexican American Politics Mexican Americans and Politics Lecture 16 March 7, 2006
Organizational Matters • No class on Thursday, March 9 • Essay 2 – returned today • Midterm – returned next Tuesday • Essay 3 – due next Tuesday, March 14 • You may turn in the essay anytime next week – by 5 pm Friday, March 17 and I will count it as on time • Final quiz – Thursday, March 16 • It should take about 15 minutes
Immigration “Reform:”Historical Perspectives • Periods of Congressional “reform” • 1798 – Alien and Sedition Acts • 1850s – the “Know Nothings” • 1880s – Chinese exclusion • 1880s-1910s – Excluding categories of immigrants and narrowing naturalization • 1910s-1920s – Literacy tests and National Origin Quotas • 1965 – Ended national origin quotas • 1986 – Employer sanctions and legalization • 1990s – Limiting rights of immigrants and more rapid exclusion
What do These Periods of “Reform” Have in Common? • Generally, they narrowed, rather than expanded immigration opportunities • Exceptions – 1850s (no change), 1965 (ended National Origin quotas), and, possibly, 1986 • Responded to period of mass organizing and state efforts to change (restrict) immigration • Ongoing tension in American politics – Economic and ethnic interests seeking immigrants and cultural conservatives and organized labor fearing the changes they bring • “Reform” generally took a number of years because of competing societal interests
Reform in Current Era: Focus – Unauthorized Immigrants • 1986 (Immigration Reform and Control Act) • Legalization • Employer sanctions • 1990s / 2000s • Expanded border enforcement • 1996 (Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act) • Expanded deportation of legal immigrants • 2001 (Patriot Act) • Indefinite detention of immigrants • Modern era – no cap on legal immigration
Expansion of Federal Immigrant/ Immigration Regulation • Yet, call for more control • Why? • Surge in both legal and unauthorized migration • Wide-spread perception that federal regulation/controls are ineffective • Diversity of immigrants (origins and destinations) • Fears of economic consequences of immigrants (lowering wage rates) and immigration (using benefits) • Similar concerns – and demands for federal action – have appeared in previous phases of “reform”
Class Activity Let’s assume for a minute that some “reform” is needed and that “reform” means reform – a comprehensive solution to the problem What parts of our our current immigration policy needs to be changed and why? What will have to be part of a comprehensive solution? In other words, what will have to be part of a compromise immigration bill?
What’s Being Proposed? 1 • Bush proposal (2004) • Guest workers • House bill (passed 2005) • Fence • Unauthorized status a felony • Employer penalties • Authorizes use of the military to enforce immigration law • No guest worker program • No legalization
What’s Being Proposed? 2 (Senate) • All call for added enforcement and some guest worker authorization • Specter (R-PA) • Permanent work visitor (“blue card”) • Cornyn (R-TX) / Kyl (R-AZ) • Short guest worker period (2 yrs), with return in between renewals • Current undocumented must return to home country get guest worker visa • Kennedy (D-MA) / McCain (R-AZ) • Longer guest worker period (3 yrs) / can apply from U.S. • Opportunity to legalize
Can Compromise Be Reached? • Eventually, yes • Concerns in the electorate will keep the issue on the table • Some new members of Congress will owe their elections to popular immigration concerns • This year? – Seems unlikely • Senate Judiciary Committee needs to develop a consensus position • Key is Senator Cornyn (R-TX) • Then, it must compromise with House • Senate less restrictive than House (more sympathetic to business/ethnic lobby position) • Hard and harder
Immigration “Reform” and Mexican American Politics • Mexican American community divided (patterns we’ve seen throughout course) • Sensitivity to needs of immigrants/family members • Concern about competition for jobs, housing, and other services and about majority stereotypes • Perhaps of more concern • Little Mexican American/Latino voice in the debate • Mexican American/Latino organizations not mobilizing on immigration issues • Mexican American/Latino legislators not key players in Congressional debates
Consequences are Quite Large for the Community • Positive – Legalization • Engine of empowerment and electoral growth • Provides added protections for U.S.-born family members • Negative – Legally recognized temporary status • The longer it continues, the more it creates a legal underclass that becomes central to the economy (and shifts the position of capital in immigration debates) • The more it is likely to divide Mexican America/Latino communities internally
For Next Class • When do Mexican Americans (and other Latinos) join in multi-racial coalitions? • Why?