Review Session for Review Test #1

1. Review Sessionfor Review Test #1 AP Psychology Forest Lake High School

2. Question #1 Hartshorne and May conducted a famous set of experiments in which they tested children’s honesty. They found that virtually everyone was honest in some situations and dishonest in others. This type of finding presents the greatest challenge to what type of personality theorist? • Social cognitive • Trait • Psychoanalytic • Humanistic • Behaviorist B – Trait theorists describe personality with a set of characteristics that presumably should hold fairly constant across a wide variety of circumstances. If you say someone is conscientious, you typically don’t mean that the person works hard in some situations and not in others. The other approaches all embrace the idea that the environment plays some role in shaping behavior and personality.

3. Question #2 Which of the following is one of the Big Five? • Identification • Narcissism • Egotism • Openness • Temperament D – The Big Five personality traits are: openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism.

4. Question #3 Dimitri invents a new way to assess personality that involves describing the images one sees in a carefully selected set of photographs of clouds. Which type of psychologist is most likely to find such an assessment useful? • Humanistic • Cognitive • Behavioral • Trait • Psychoanalytic E – Dimitri’s cloud test is an example of a projective test. Similar to the TAT and Rorshach tests, it is likely based on the idea that what people project onto ambiguous stimuli provide insight into their personalities.

5. Question #4 Alarmed by her penchant for schoolyard fights, Cherry’s parents encouraged her interest in Tae Kwon Do. Now a college student, Cherry has a black belt, teaches at the local dojo and hasn’t had a fight in over a decade. This story could be seen as an example of • Projection • Sublimation • Displacement • Regression • Rationalization B – Sublimation is a Freudian defense mechanism that suggests that people take unacceptable feelings and desires (in this case a desire to be violent) and channel them into more socially acceptable pursuits.

6. Question #5 According to Freud, during which stage is the superego formed? • Oral • Anal • Phallic • Latency • Genital C – Freud asserted that the superego, essentially an individual’s conscience, formed during the phallic stage (ages 3-5), largely as the result of the Oedipal crisis.

7. Question #6 Carl Jung is credited with introducing which of the following ideas? • Inferiority complex • Womb envy • Collective unconscious • Self-actualization • Factor analysis C – Jung proposed that people inherit a kind of collective unconscious for the human species that is a repository for common important ideas that he called archetypes. The idea of an inferiority complex is credited to Alfred Adler; womb envy is a term coined by Karen Horney; self-actualization is associated with Abraham Maslow, and factor analysis is a statistical technique first developed by Charles Spearman.

8. Question #7 Which of the following best describes the basic idea behind Bandura’sreciprocal determinism? • Personality is the result of the interplay between behavior, traits, and the environment. • Important things tend to happen in threes and have a cumulative impact on our lives • Exposure to uncontrollable situations results in a feeling of helplessness even when one can control ones circumstances • People tend to treat others in similar ways to how they have been treated • People often misdirect their emotions and take them out on people who do not deserve them A – Bandura suggested that personality results from a set of two-way influences between one’s behaviors, traits, and the environment. This idea is known as reciprocal determinism or triadic reciprocality.

9. Question #8 Carl Rogers said that the ___________ is (are) an innate drive that motivates all human behavior toward growth. • Unconscious • Central traits • Actualizing tendency • Wish fulfillment • Ego C – Carl Rogers believed that people have an actualizing tendency that is an innate drive that guides behavior resulting in personality

10. Question #9 Which brain structure most directly control the desire to eat and feelings of fullness? • sensory cortex • thalamus • hypothalamus • pons • frontal lobe C - The lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus control our desire to eat and the feeling of fullness that influences us to stop eating. Rats with lesions in either of these areas either never stop eating or never desire food unless food is removed.

11. Question #10 Which management theory is most likely to help employees grow toward self-actualization? • Theory X • Theory Y • Drive-reduction • Opponent process • Achievement motivation B - The two management theories described by motivation psychologists are theory X and theory Y management theories. Theory X managers use rewards and punishments to coerce employees into working. Theory Y managers assume, like Maslow, that employees are intrinsically motivated and managers should work to inspire and enable employees to work.

12. Question #11 One of the major variables that mitigates the harmful effects of stress is what? • homeostasis • perceived control • achievement motivation • primary drives • self-actualization B - Many studies indicate that animals (including humans) who perceive that they have control over a situation experience fewer harmful effects from stress.

13. Question #12 A drastic change in set-point would most affect which human behavior? • self-actualization • achievement • eating • aggression • Arousal C - Set-point theory describes the behavior of the hypothalamus in influencing our eating. This theory predicts that the hypothalamus tries to maintain a specific body weight, a set point, and when we are below that point it triggers hunger impulses and lowers our metabolic rate.

14. Question #13 What is the major difference between the James-Lange, the Canon-Bard, and the two-factor theories of emotions? • the role stress plays in causing powerful emotions • each of the theories describes a different set-point for emotions • the sequence of environmental event, physiological reaction, and emotional experience • the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the cognitive experience of emotion • each of the theories predicts different brain areas as the origin of emotions C - These theories primarily differ in how they describe the sequence of the emotional process. The James-Lange theory holds that physiological reactions occur first, the Canon-Bard theory holds that the emotional experience precedes the physiological reaction, and the two-factor theory explains the interactions between them as they occur simultaneously.

15. Question #14 A basketball coach is interested in how excited or relaxed her team should be before a game. She wants their excitement level to be exactly right so that they perform their best during the game. Which psychological concept should this coach research? • Extrinsic motivators • Two-factor theory • Drive reduction theory • Opponent-process theory • Yerkes-Dodson law E - The Yerkes-Dodson law describes how physiological arousal impacts performance. Both very low and very high levels of arousal usually negatively impact performance.

16. Question #15 Suzy has started to consume less and less food. She also spends three to four hours at the gym working out each day. The mention of food upsets her, and she won’t listen to anybody who suggests that she is not eating enough. Suzy may be suffering from • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia nervosa • The misinformation effect • Serial processing • The egocentrism effect A – Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a lack of caloric intake, vigorous exercise, and a fear of gaining weight.

17. Question #16 When Julie heard a noise outside her window, her heart started to beat faster, and as a result she became scared. Which theory of emotion could best explain Julie’s response of fear? • Cannon-Bard theory of emotion • James-Lange theory of emotion • Two-factor theory of emotion • Cognitive-Meditational theory of emotion • Facial-feedback hypothesis B – The James-Lange theory of emotion states that emotions are the result of physiological changes in the body.

18. Question #17 Paulene typically experiences feelings of autonomic nervous system arousal. With which type or disorder is this symptom most closely associated? • Schizophrenic • Mood • Anxiety • Somatoform • Dissociative C – Paulene seems to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a type of anxiety disorder. Autonomic arousal causes feelings of anxiety or nervousness.

19. Question #18 According to a behaviorist, psychological disorders are largely caused by • Contingencies of reinforcement • Neurochemical imbalances in the brain • Maladaptive ways of thinking • Unmet psychological needs • Repressed traumas from childhood A – Behaviorists believe that the reinforcement contingencies to which one has been exposed shape one’s behaviors. A biopsychologist would link the source of the problem to neurochemicals, cognitive psychologists would fault maladaptive ways of thinking, humanistic psychologists would speak of psychological needs, and psychoanalysts would likely blame repressed childhood traumas.

20. Question #19 Which of the following is an example of a delusion? • Hearing the neighbor’s dog talking to you • Seeing people that you know are dead • Imagining that you hold an important government position • Taking precautions to prevent people from tampering with your food • Talking to yourself C – Delusions are false beliefs. Thus, imagining you hold an important government position is a delusion. Choices A and B describe hallucinations – perceiving sensory experiences that do not exist. D and E both represent behaviors one might take in response to a delusion, but they are not themselves delusions.

21. Question #20 Which of the following disorders is thought to be the most highly heritable? • Panic disorder • Unipolar depression • Dissociative identity disorder • Borderline personality disorder • Bipolar disorder E – The term heritability refers to the percent of the variation in a trait due to genetic influences. Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depression, is thought to highly heritable based on evidence from twin and other family studies.

22. Question #21 Jethro frequently feels the need to check and double-check whether he has remembered to turn the oven off in the morning. This checking would best be described as an example of • An obsession • A personality disorder • Paranoia • Anxiety • A compulsion E – Compulsions are repetitive, unwanted behaviors designed to relieve the anxiety caused by obsessions. Presumably, Jethro is worried that something bad will happen (for instance, a fire) because he has left the oven on each morning and feels driven to perform then checking behavior in order to alleviate that anxiety.

23. Question #22 Enlarged brain ventricles are a symptom of what mental disorder? • Schizophrenia • Conversion disorder • OCD • ADHD • Anorexia nervosa A – Schizophrenia has been shown to be linked to enlarged brain ventricles. Everyone has spaces in their brain called ventricles which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, but scans have indicated that, in people who suffer from schizophrenia, these spaces are enlarged.

24. Question #23 Psychologists often disagree about exactly what to include in the DSM. What argument is often made in favor of a more comprehensive listing? • Labeling a person’s problem is an important first step toward solving it • Insurance companies will not cover treatment for something not listed in the DSM • American society no longer stigmatizes those who have been classified as having a mental illness. • A more detailed manual will make the diagnostic process easier. • People like to find descriptions in the book that match the problems they think they have. B – Without a diagnosis, insurance companies will not provide coverage for treatment. Therefore, many psychologists have argued that it is better to be overly broad in what is included in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) than too narrow. Labeling and the stigma associated with having a label are often thought to be reasons against classifying more things as disorders.

25. Question #24 Mental retardation would be listed on which axis of the DSM-IV-TR? • Axis I • Axis II • Axis III • Axis IV • Axis V B – Personality Disorders and mental retardation are listed on Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR. Axis I lists major clinical disorders, Axis III is for general medical conditions, Axis IV is for relevant psychosocial or environmental factors, Axis V is a global assessment of functioning (on a scale of 1-100)

26. Question #25 Dr. Sturge asks patients to blurt out whatever is on their minds and to describe their dreams. What is the likely purpose of these types of techniques? • To relieve feelings of anxiety in the short term • To learn about the patients’ families and friends • To uncover repressed thoughts • To correct the patients’ irrational thoughts • To put the patients at ease C – The techniques described are commonly used by psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapists to reveal the threatening thoughts people have repressed into their unconscious. While a long term goal of such techniques is that they will lead to insight that will ultimately relieve anxiety and while the processes may also involve in the disclosure of information about a person’s family or friends, the immediate goal is to help the therapist to gain insight into what the client might be repressing.

27. Question #26 Electroconvulsive shock therapy is most often employed to treat • Agoraphobia • Dissociative amnesia • Antisocial personality disorder • Unipolar depression • Autism D – Electroconvulsive shock therapy or ECT is most commonly used to treat people suffering from severe depression especially when the depression has not been alleviated by other types of less invasive treatments.

28. Question #27 Mr. Mather’s kindergarten class is completely out of control. He can’t get the 5-year olds to sit in their seats long enough to teach them anything. One Monday, Mr. Ziller comes in with an enormous container of colored buttons and announces that every time he sees someone doing something good, the student will get a button. At the end of the week, buttons will be able to be exchanged at Mr. Mather’s Market. What technique is Mr. Mather using? • Reverse psychology • Eclectism • Token economy • Aversive conditioning • Group therapy C – A token economy is a system in which generalized reinforcers (tokens) are used to quickly and easily reinforce desired behaviors. The value of these reinforcers comes from being able to trade them in at a later time for objects or privileges of an individual’s own choosing.

29. Question #28 Ajay tells his therapist that he feels lonely and isolated. His therapist says, “So, you seem to be feeling alone. Tell me more about that.” This comment suggests that the therapist is most likely using what type of therapy? • Psychodynamic • Person-centered • Implosive • Cognitive therapy • Psychoanalytic B – Carl Rogers person- or client-centered therapy is a nondirective, humanistic, insight therapy that aims to help people identify their own problems. As such, the therapist’s job is mainly to listen actively and act as a mirror to reflect back what the client is saying and thereby help him/her recognize the issue.

30. Question #29 Counterconditioning is a key part of which therapeutic approach? • Psychoanalyisis • Systematic desensitization • Rational emotive behavior therapy • Insight therapy • Family therapy B – Counterconditioning is the replacement of one type of learned response with another and is a key part of systematic desensitization, a common treatment for phobias. In using systematic desensitization with a phobic individual, the goal is to replace the anxiety felt in response to the feared object with a feeling of relaxation.

31. Question #30 Many antidepressants work by • Increasing the amount of norepinephrine in the synapse • Decreasing the amount of serotonin in the synapse • Increasing the amount of dopamine in the synapse • Decreasing the amount of acetylcholine in the synapse • Increasing the amount of GABA in the synapse A – Depression has been linked to low levels of both norepinephrine and serotonin. As a result, a number of antidepressants have been designed to elevate levels of these neurotransmitters in the synapse.

32. Question #31 Which of the following drugs would be most likely be prescribed for a patient who suffers from manic episodes? • Haldol • Chlorpromazine • Benzodiazepines • Barbiturates • Lithium E – Lithium is often prescribed to treat bipolar disorder, especially the manic episodes that often occur as part of that disorder. Haldol and chlorpromazine are antipsychotic medications, and benzodiazepines and barbiturates are more often used as anti-anxiety medications.

33. Question #32 Initially, Joey did not like watching Sesame Street. After his Dad put it on repeatedly, Joey came to love it. Joey’s change of heart is best explained to • Classical conditioning • The mere exposure effect • The fundamental attribution error • Maturation • The law of effect B – The mere exposure effect says that exposure breeds fondness. Thus, the more Joey watched Sesame Street, the more he came to like it.

34. Question #33 Research has shown that people are more likely to complete a survey if they are given a token incentive along with the survey than a larger incentive that will be given to them upon the survey’s completion. Which phenomenon provides an explanation for this finding? • Norms of reciprocity • Positive reinforcement • Intrinsic motivation • Foot-in-the-door • Prosocial behavior A – When you give someone a gift – even one of very token value - you engage what seems to be a natural response to reciprocate in kind. This norm of reciprocity explains why the prepayment of an incentive seems to work better than a promised post-payment even of greater value.

35. Question #34 Which experiment illustrated the power of the self-fulfilling prophecy? • Milgram’s experiment involving electric shock and learning • Asch’s experiment on visual perception • Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study of elementary children • Darley and Latane’s good samaritan experiment • Bandura’sBobo Doll study C – Rosenthal and Jacobson’s experiment illustrated that when elementary school teachers were told that some of their students would experience a big year in their academic development, they did, indeed, develop more rapidly than their peers. The power of one person’s expectations to cause behavioral confirmation in another person is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

36. Question #35 The bystander effect most nearly states that • People are drawn to gape at other people’s misfortunes • Bystanders are likely to imitate the behavior of other bystanders they can see • The fewer people present when someone needs help, the more likely any one is to help • An excessive number of bystanders causes people to act in a dangerous and unpredictable manner • The presence of bystanders causes heightened sensitivity to workers’ behavior C – Darley and Latane were the first to show that the more people who observe someone who needs help, the less likely any one of them is to help; this idea is known as the bystander effect and is usually explained by the idea that there is a diffusion of responsibility amongst the bystanders.

37. Question #36 Jeffrey often forgets something on his way to school – his glasses, his homework, his trumpet. When Jeffrey turns up without his permission slip for the class trip to the zoo, his teacher, Mr. Perkins, will most likely conclude that • Jeffrey had a very chaotic morning • Jeffrey is a disorganized person • Jeffrey doesn’t really want to go on the trip • Jeffrey is likely sick • Jeffrey is not very intelligent B – Mr. Perkins is likely to make a person-stable attribution – an attribution that explains Jeffrey’s behavior as a logical outgrowth of something internal and fairly consistent within him. The only choices that fall into that category are B and E. It seems more logical that to blame Jeffrey’s lack of a permission slip on disorganization than on intelligence.

38. Question #37 Will, who loves Shakespearean drama, vastly overestimates the number of people who share his love of the Bard. This is an example of • Self-serving bias • A stable attribution • Conformity • A self-fulfilling prophecy • The false consensus effect E – The false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate the number of people who agree with us. Therefore, Will’s fondness for Shakespeare is likely to lead him to overestimate the number of people who share this view.

39. Question #38 Ms. Stern is a newly hired English teacher. Which of the following factors would make it most likely that she is embraced and accepted by the rest of the teachers in the department? • If she has a great deal of subject matter expertise • If her students like and respect her • If the teachers have a common area in which they spend their free time • If she brings a unique set of qualities that complement those of the rest of the department • If she frequently expresses happiness with her new job C – One of the best predictors of whether people will like each other is proximity – their opportunity to be close to each other. It is therefore more important that the teachers be given an opportunity to associate with Ms. Stern than how her students feel about her or what her personal qualities are.

40. Question #39 All of the following are examples of factors that exacerbate the societal problem of prejudice EXCEPT • People seem to have a natural inclination to categorize others • Many biases are unconscious • From an early age, children model the behaviors of those around them • People from different backgrounds are often attracted to one another • People prefer their in-groups to out-groups D – Contrary to much popular lore, people are typically more attracted to those who are similar to them as opposed to their “opposites.” In addition, if people were attracted to their opposites, this phenomenon would help deter rather than encourage prejudice.

41. Question #40 While the entire class was singing “Happy Birthday” to Jared, Mica was moving his lips but was not singing. Because there were already 28 people singing, Mica didn’t feel that he needed to sing as well. This group phenomenon is known as • Cognitive dissonance • Social facilitation • Social striving • Social loafing • Social normation D – Social loafing occurs when one person doesn’t put forth his full effort because there are other people that he assumes will compensate for his slacking off