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INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS

INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS. Dr Peri Arbak Düzce University School of Medicine Department of Chest Diseases. CONTENTS. 1- HISTORY 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS

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  1. INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS Dr Peri Arbak Düzce University School of Medicine Department of Chest Diseases

  2. CONTENTS 1- HISTORY 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

  3. 1- HISTORY • Meuse Valley Disaster (Belgium/1930) • Of the several thousands of severely diseased people, 60 died • All the country was covered by a ‘soupy’ mixture of industrial fume and fog along three days • Shortness of breath, hoarseness, persistent cough, foamy sputum resulting in pus like mass expectoration, nausea and vomiting were observed in elderly victims • Deaths due to acute cardiac failure? Roholm K. The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 1937

  4. 1-TARİHÇE • Donora Disaster (Pennsylvania, 1948) • Approximately 6000 people (42% of residents) had respiratory problems due to air pollution • Irritation of eye, nose, throat, chest pain, shortness of breath, severe headaches, nausea and vomiting • Acids released from zinc smelter plants (i.e. sulfuric acid) and fog released from steamed locomotives powered by coal were responsible Helfand WH. Am J Publ Health 2001

  5. 1- HISTORY Death in Donora I have felt the fog in my throat The misty hand of Death caress my face; I have wrestled with a frightful foe Who strangled me with wisps of gray fog-lace. Now in my eyes since I have died. The bleak, bare hills rise in stupid might With scars of its slavery imbedded deep; And the people still live -- still live – in the poisonous night. Folklorist Dan G. Hoffman reported collecting the ballad "Death in Donora" from area resident John P. Clark

  6. 1-HISTORY • Fossil fuel consumption together with fog caused at least 4000 deaths and many diseases during 4 days in 1952 (London) • Smoke and sulfur dioxide ratio reached up to 10 folds of normal in the city center Quarterly Journal of the Royal MeteorologicalSociety.2006

  7. CONTENTS 1- HISTORY 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

  8. 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES • Emissions are gases and particules that formed by natural or man made processes • Emissions are classified as greenhouse gases and (cause climate changes) air quality emissions http://www.mtpc.org/cleanenergy/important/envemissions.htm

  9. 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS NITROUS OXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE HALOCARBONS AND SULFUR HEXAFLUORİDE METHANE

  10. 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES Distribution of greenhouse gases according to the sectors

  11. 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES OZONE Air quality emissions CARBON MONOXIDE PARTICULATES NİTROGEN OXIDES VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS SULFUR DIOXIDE

  12. 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES Distribution of air quality emissions according to the sectors-

  13. CONTENTS 1- HISTORY 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

  14. 3-STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY DATA OF GREENHOUSE AND AIR QUALITY EMISSIONS AFTER 2000 IN USA http://www.mtpc.org/cleanenergy/important/envemissions.htm

  15. million ton/year SECTORS Metal Food and beverage Chemistry Construction Paper, press Wood products 3-STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY million ton/year Reference: UNEP - http://vitalgraphics.net/waste/html_file/20-21_manufacture.html

  16. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Environmental sensibility DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 2000 YEARS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Waste water treatment, waste treatment /Recycling plants + Infrastructure service+ Training + Supervision + Encouragement Cumulative environmental investments DEVELOPİNG COUNTRIES 1990 1995 1970 1975 1980 1985 2000 YEARS 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY(MANAGERIAL ISSUES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN TURKEY, PANEL/2006, CANER ZANBAK)

  17. 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY CO2emissions originated from industrial processes according to the type of industry WORK GROUP ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY/ 2006 STUDY REPORT

  18. 3-STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY CH4emissions originated from industrial processes WORK GROUP ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY/ 2006 STUDY REPORT

  19. 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY N2O emissions originated from industrial processes WORK GROUP ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY/ 2006 STUDY REPORT

  20. 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY NOx emissions originated from industrial processes WORK GROUP ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY/ 2006 STUDY REPORT

  21. 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY CO emissions originated from industrial processes WORK GROUP ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY/ 2006 STUDY REPORT

  22. 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY SO2 emissions originated from industrial processes WORK GROUP ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY/ 2006 STUDY REPORT

  23. 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY NMVOC emissions originated from industrial processes WORK GROUP ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY/ 2006 STUDY REPORT

  24. 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY Kalkan O. Hava Kirliliği. 2001, www.bsm.gov.tr/makale/makale.asp?sayi=20013

  25. Industry Particulates SO² Power Plants 3.940.000 1.430.000 Iron-steel 3.330.000 Cement 2.270.000 32.000 Sugar 290.000 49.000 Metal 5.200 30.000 Manure 14.000 30.000 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY • Annual atmospheric S02 and Particulate matter (ton/year)released from industries with contaminant potential in • Turkey(Kalkan O. Hava Kirliliği 2001)

  26. 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY AMOUNT OF CONTAMINANTS RELEASED FROM POWER PLANTS IN TURKEY Kalkan O. Hava Kirliliği. 2001

  27. Thermaleffect 380.000 Kcal/s SO2emission 45.000 ton/year Noxemission 26.000ton/year COemission 750ton/year Solidparticulates 3.500ton/year Hidrocarbons 250ton/year Ashes 5.600ton/year 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY • Contaminant effects of thermal stations (100 MW), Kalkan O, Hava Kirliliği, 2001

  28. CONTENTS 1- HISTORY 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

  29. 4-THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Carboxyhemoglobin formation Carbon Monoxide Effects on the development of lungs Ozone Sulfur dioxide PM Nitrogen dioxide Increased respiratory tract illness Increased asthma exacerbations Decreased lung function ATS, Am J Respir Med, 1996

  30. 4-THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Associated with respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations in adults, Increased cardiovascular mortality, Increased lung cancer PM Dockery DW, Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Pope CA, JAMA 2002 Air pollution Increased health care costs, Increased school absences McConnell R, Lancet. 2002

  31. Adults; Causes airway inflammation and hiperreactivity, Decrease in lung function, Increase in respiratory symptoms, Increased sensitivity to the exposure of aeroallergens Molfino NA, Lancet. 1991 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-OZONE Children; • Decrease in lung function, • Increase in respiratory symptoms, • Increase in asthma exacerbations, • Increase in hospitalizations and emergency admissions, • School absences Kinney PL, Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Thurston GD, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Tolbert PE, Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Gilliland FD, Epidemiology. 2001

  32. 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-OZONE The mechanisms of the effects of ozone on respiratory system: • Ozone modulates the airway inflammation by increasing the release of inflammatory mediators from bronchial epithelial cells such as IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF,fibronectin Bayram H, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 Devlin RB, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991 Balmes JR, Respir Rep Health Eff Inst 1997 • O3produces an immediate, dose-dependent increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and in epithelial cell permeability, which could facilitate entry of inhaled allergens and toxins Kelly FJ, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996

  33. 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-OZONE • In an animal study it has shown that O3decreased mucociliary clearance Schlesinger RB, J Toxicol Environ Health 1987 • O3stimulates bronchial C fibres Beckett WS, J Appl Physiol 1985 • O3exposure enhances responses to inhaled antigens in animals and human Jorres R, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996

  34. 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-PM PM pollution causes an increase; • in excess mortality and hospitalizations for cardiac and respiratory diseases, • in allergies and asthma, • in chronic bronchitis, • in respiratory infections, • in hospital admissions

  35. 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-PM • Seaton et al. was the first to suggest that urban particles, especially ultrafine particles, • can penetrate the pulmonary interstitium and • cause interstitial inflammation and significant oxidative stress Seaton A, Lancet 1995

  36. 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-PM The injury pathways of PM on lungs: 1. The impairment of macrophage functions and lung defence by inhaled pollutants Becker S, J Toxicol Environ Health 1999 2. Endothelial damage could induce oedema formation leading to impaired gas diffusion and hypoxic stress 3. Air pollution is associated with increased heart rate and with decreased heart rate variability severe arrhythmia and mortality Pope CA, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999 Peters A, Am J Epidemiol 1999 Pope CA, Am Heart J 1999

  37. 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-PM 4.Oxidants can increase the level of blood coagulability and modify the adhesive propertiesof red blood cells  increased risk of ischaemic damage. Increased level of plasma fibrinogen is found associated with air pollution Peters A, Lancet 1997 Pekkanen J, Occup Environ Med 2000 5. A systemic reaction resulting with an increased synthesis of C-reactive protein could occur in human who are exposed air pollutants Peters A, Eur Heart J 2001 6. Elevated endothelin-1, associated with oxidative stress linked to PM exposure, exacerbate congestive heart failure, precipitate ischaemic heart disease, promote infarct extension, and also affect individuals with conditions involving endothelial dysfunction, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and kidney diseases Bouthillier L, Am J Pathol 1998

  38. 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-SO2 Baxter, 2000; Nemery, 2001; NIOSH 1981; Wellburn, 1994

  39. 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-SO2 • Short-term overexposure causes • mucosal inflammation and irritation, cough, difficulty in breathing and a feeling of chest tightness • Asthmatic individuals • may respond toconcentrations as low as 0.2-0.5 ppm. Baxter 2000 • Prolonged or repeated exposure to low concentrations (1-5 ppm) may be dangerous for • persons with pre-existing heart and lung diseases **Cholinergically mediated neural mechanism may be responsible D’Amato G, European Respiratory Society Journals Ltd, 2002

  40. 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-NO2 • Relationships between increased nitrogen dioxide and risks of respiratory tract symptoms and asthma exacerbations are reported Hajat S, Thorax. 1999 Lipsett M, Environ Health Perspect. 1997 • Nitrogen dioxide causes oxidative injury in airways resulting increased permeability Kelly FJ, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996 • Persistent neutrophilic inflammation in airway epithelium Blomberg A, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999 • Bronchial hyperreactivity to allergens and methacoline and bronchoconstriction Tunnicliffe WS, Lancet 1994 Strand V, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997

  41. CONTENTS 1- HISTORY 2- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS; DESCRIPTION AND SCOPES 3- STATUS IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY 4- THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

  42. 5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS • The prevention of harmful effects of greenhouse gases (The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change-1992ve Kyoto Protocol-1997) • Kyoto protocol Protocol reflects the parties' commitments to reduce overall emissions of greenhouse gases by 5% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 • Some countries, including the US, Australia, Turkey have not signed protocol yet

  43. 5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS • In 2003 Progress Report; • In the field of air quality, • legislation needs to be aligned and • steps taken to ensure implementation, including upgrading of the air quality monitoring system • Industrial pollution; • No progress on industrial pollution and risk management • As regards industrial pollution and risk management, full alignment and implementation require further efforts (2006)

  44. 5- PRECAUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS • Industrial pollution; • Improper place selection • Mismanegement of industrial waste • The main source for Industrial pollution; • The type and amount of fuel consumed • Chimney; • Shortlocal pollution, • Highgeneral pollution Kalkan O. Hava Kirliliği 2001

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