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1. The Cold War and the American Dream, 1945–1960 Conflict develops between the United States and the Soviet Union. Americans react to the economic prosperity and rapid change of the postwar period. The Final Frost Barrier!—a magazine advertisement for General Motors’ Frost-Proof Imperial Freezer (1959). NEXT

2. The Cold War and the American Dream, 1945–1960 SECTION 1 Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War SECTION 2 The Korean War and McCarthyism SECTION 3 The Fifties NEXT

3. Section 1 Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War Good Economics Americans look for prosperity after World War II. They also fight Communism in the Cold War. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War Adjusting to Peace • Industries lay off workers, returning servicemen flood job market • Veterans win out over female workers for jobs • Women get jobs in traditional women’s fields, office work, teaching Actress Grace Kelly (in 1950, a New York photographer’s model) demonstrating a Remington typewriter. NEXT

5. SECTION 1 The Postwar Economy Demand is high • People want more goods, factories start making needed products • Controls on prices lifted, people have money, few goods to buy inflation • Demand for goods increases, prices skyrocket Were there because of WWII • William Levitt applies assembly-line technique to home building NY • Start mass-producing affordable homes to meet demand for houses NEXT

7. Developers: mass-produced, standardized homes built using assembly-line methods

8. SECTION 1 Labor Unrest and Civil Rights • Over 1 million workers join strikes, includes railway workers (1946) • President Harry S. Truman threatens to draft railway workers into army • WW II raises hopes of African Americans for more equality • African Americans still face prejudice, especially in the South • Truman wants Congress to pass equal rights laws, South resists proposals • Truman backs off issues, makes equal rights national issue NEXT

9. SECTION 1 The Fair Deal • Republican Congress blocks Truman’s proposals, limits power of unions • Few people believe Truman will win 1948 presidential election • Truman takes campaign to the people, wins upset victory • Calls for Fair Deal, projects that: - create jobs, build public housing, end discrimination in hiring • Republicans, Southern Democrats block most of the programs NEXT

10. 1948 Election Truman v. Dewey • Democrats Split • Dixiecrats– States rights party • New Progressive Party Winner • Issues • Civil Rights • Anti- Labor Actions

16. Truman: threats to draft strikers Truman: integration of the armed forces

17. SECTION 1 Origins of the Cold War • The West, Soviets allied against Nazis, Soviets free Eastern Europe •Stalin promises free elections but imposes Communism in Eastern Europe • Does not want anti-Soviet governments on the borders of Soviet Union • U.S. thinks Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wants to spread Communism • ColdWar—U.S./Soviet conflict, never directly fight on battlefield NEXT

19. Cold War Fought on Political & Economic Fronts Threat of all out war existed Competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. for global power and influence.

20. Untied States Democracy Individual Freedoms Capitalistic Economy Soviet Union Communist State-run Economy One-party rule Suppression of Religion Force to crush opposition Differences

21. SECTION 1 Containing Communism Abroad • Containment—use military, non-military ways to contain Communism •TrumanDoctrine—promises to aid people resisting threats to democracy • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): - includes U.S., Canada, 10 Western European countries - formed to counteract Communist control of Eastern Europe • Soviet Union, Eastern Europe form Warsaw Pact NEXT

23. The Truman administration established a policy of containment to block further Soviet expansion. The Truman Doctrine declared that the U.S. would support any free country that was resisting a takeover by an outside or an armed force.

24. SECTION 1 Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift • MarshallPlan—$13 billion to help rebuild Western, Southern Europe •After WW II, Germany is divided into 4 zones controlled by: - Soviet Union - United States - France - Great Britain • Berlin in Soviet zone, city divided between East, West powers Continued . . . NEXT

25. SECTION 1 continued Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift • Soviets afraid Western powers will unite Germany •Block access to Berlin, Truman approves Berlin airlift: - U.S., British planes carry supplies to city’s residents •Soviets call off blockade, Germany divided into: - Communist East Germany - Democratic West Germany NEXT

30. The U.S. flies food and supplies into West Berlin during the Berlin airlift.

31. SECTION 1 Fear of Communism at Home • Fear of Communism in the U.S. grows •Alger Hiss accused of giving military info to Soviets, sentenced 5 years • Ethel, Julius Rosenberg executed for passing atomic secrets to Russians •President Truman orders loyalty checks for federal workers • House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) issues blacklists: - names people (many in movie industry) thought to be Communists NEXT

32. Actor Ronald Reagan, President of the Screen Actors Guild, testifying before the House Un-American Activities Committee (October 23, 1947).

34. Explain the significance of each of the following terms. Fair Deal Cold War Marshall Plan

35. Section 2 The Korean War and McCarthyism The Cold War and the Korean War produce a far-reaching form of AntiCommunism. NEXT

36. SECTION 2 The Korean War and McCarthyism Origins of the Korean War • Communists defeat U.S.-supported nationalists in China • Mao Zedong becomes head of Communist China • Communist takeover of China fuels Americans’ fear of communism • After WW II Korea is divided at the 38th parallel, or line of latitude: - Soviets troops north of parallel - U.S. troops south of parallel • Soviets aid Communist government in North Korea NEXT

37. SECTION 2 Fighting Breaks Out in Korea • North Korean forces cross 38th parallel into South Korea •KoreanWar—North Korean forces fight U.S., UN, South Korean forces • U.S. General MacArthur commands UN forces • North Koreans push South Koreans to Pusan • MacArthur, troops push North Koreans back across 38th parallel • Pursue enemy into North Korea • Women serve in armed forces, also join Army, Navy Nurse Corps NEXT

39. United Nations forces fighting to recapture Seoul, South Korea, from communist invaders, September 1950

40. SECTION 2 China Enters the Conflict • China warns UN forces not to advance further, UN ignores warning • Chinese troops force UN troops south to the 38th parallel • President Truman denies MacArthur’s request to blockade, bomb China • MacArthur goes over the president’s head to win support: - speaks, writes to newspapers, magazine publishers - writes Republican leaders • Truman fires MacArthur, orders him home NEXT

41. SECTION 2 War Ends in Stalemate • Korean War becomes unpopular in U.S., truce talks begin • Republican General Dwight D. Eisenhower wins presidency (1952) • Agrees to a compromise to end the war (July 1953) • 2 Koreas left where they had been in 1950, border near 38th parallel • Communism is contained in Korea NEXT

42. South Korea; because it was democratic and North Korea was Communist Nationalists; because they opposed Communism The Communists won the war, forcing the Nationalists to flee to Taiwan. stalemate; Korea remained two nations divided by a demilitarized zone.

45. SECTION 2 McCarthy and Communism • Senator Joseph McCarthyuses Korean War to fan fear of Communism • Conducts hunt for Communists in U.S. that ruins the careers of many • Term McCarthyism stands for reckless charges against innocent • Senate holds Army-McCarthy hearings: - McCarthy accuses Army of “coddling Communists” - Army accuses McCarthy of improper conduct Senator Joseph R. McCarthy chairing the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigation (February 26, 1954). NEXT

46. SECTION 2 Eisenhower and the Cold War • Secretary of State John Foster Dulles favors brinkmanship: - U.S. going to the brink of war to combat Communism • Armsrace—U.S., Soviets race to develop more destructive weapons • U.S. builds hydrogen bomb, H-bomb, Soviets soon develop weapon • U.S., Soviet Union help allies, weaken enemies around the world Continued . . . NEXT

48. SECTION 2 continued Eisenhower and the Cold War • Britain, U.S. withdraws aid to Soviet-friendly Egypt • Egypt seizes Suez Canal; Britain, U.S., Israel attack Egypt • Soviet Union threatens to support Egypt, UN imposes cease-fire • Spacerace—U.S., Soviet Union race to build satellites in space • Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane, talks, U.S., Soviets collapse NEXT

49. First official picture of Sputnik I, Soviet satellite: the outer hullis aluminum covered with protective material; nitrogen gas is sealed inside (1959).

50. Gagarin, the first cosmonaut in space