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Bellwork

Bellwork. For what reasons do you believe that the French and Indian War, between the French and English, began?. Indicators. What were the reasons for colonizing North America? What were the key differences between Spanish, French, and British colonization?

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Bellwork

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  1. Bellwork For what reasons do you believe that the French and Indian War, between the French and English, began?

  2. Indicators • What were the reasons for colonizing North America? • What were the key differences between Spanish, French, and British colonization? • What were the interactions between American Indians and European settlers? • What political traditions developed in the colonies? • What conflicts occurred between colonial powers for control of North America? • How did mercantilism and the establishment of colonies lead to increased trading during the 17th and 18th centuries?

  3. Today: • Bellwork • Review Magna Carta & English Bill of Rights • 5.1 & 5.2 Quiz • Powerpoint • Begin Classwork/Homework: 5.3 Term Sheet DUE! w/ French & Indian War Packet Questions 1-11 Tomorrow: • 5.3 Term Sheet DUE! w/ French & Indian War Packet Questions 1-11 • Map, Forts • Braddock’s Defeat • Packet Questions 12-23 Monday: • Packet Questions 24-33 • Treaty of Paris • Proclamation of 1763 • Reading Studyguide/Review • “Join or Die” & Albany Plan of Union Questions 1-8

  4. The French • Quebec: Capital of New France • Montreal: French settlement which started as a fur trading post, became the center of the fur trade • *Most French came on a temporary basis as trappers & traders, learned to live with the native-Americans, inter-married • * Plan to establish a permanent colony of farming families in the St. Lawrence River Valley, grew to 15,000 by 1700

  5. French vs. Spanish & English • French North American Empire is based on trade • Did not set out to rule & conquer like the Spanish • Did not transplant institutions like the English

  6. French Trade • Ordinary Frenchmen couldn’t own land in New France, only nobles who brought settlers • Riches lay in pelts & hides, not gold or farming! • Fur Trade: popular & depended on American Indian help • Fur Trappers & Traders: learned to live as the Indians did • French Missionaries: Treated Native-Americans with respect

  7. The Ohio River Valleyarea becomes disputed! • French, British, and Native Americans • French: • Missionaries & Fur Traders • Want to continue profitable fur trade • Have access to the St. Lawrence & Mississippi Rivers • Join their empire from Canada to Louisiana • Build forts along the rivers to transport furs

  8. British: • Pennsylvania fur traders & Virginia Land Co. (land speculators/$$$) • Want to gain on the fur trade and get land to sell for profit! • Native-Americans: • Fur trade, trade for supplies they depend on & land • Want to keep trade partners & hold onto their land!

  9. Who should the Native-Americans side with and why? • Choose between the lesser of two evils! • Alliances: the joining together of interests, form • Based on trade patterns

  10. Albany Plan of Union • Inspired by growing concern over protection from the French & Native-Americans • By Benjamin Franklin • First formal attempt to unite the colonies • The French are united under one government • “Join, or Die” cartoon published before delegates meet in Albany

  11. Join, or Die

  12. Outcome • Colonists are not ready for Union • Colonial assemblies want to keep control of local affairs • Colonists: • Not enough power for the colonists! • England: • Too much power for the colonists!

  13. Importance • Franklin anticipated many of the problems that the government would face after independence • Finance • Dealing with Indian tribes • Control of commerce • Defense • It contained the seeds of true union & the ideas would be adopted 30 years later!

  14. Bellwork If you were a Native-American, would you have sided with the French or British in North America? Why?

  15. George Washington • Sent to ask the French to leave “peaceable departure” from the Ohio River Valley • NO! • Force the French out! Control the are, control access to Ohio Valley • Washington retreats & sets up Fort Necessity! • Fort Duquesne, reinforced by French troops, Brits leave, wait at Fort Necessity for reinforcements • Forced to retreat by the French and their allies

  16. The French & Indian War • French advance on Fort Necessity • British gunpowder soaked, forced to retreat***1st Battle of the War!!! 1754 • War becomes part of a larger world war known as the Seven Years’ War • Britain and France fought for Europe and in India and North America

  17. French Advantages • Controlled access to the interior • St. Lawrence River • Mississippi River • Single colonial government, can act quickly (colonies 13 separate govts.) • Sent ships & professional soldiers rather than depend on military help from the colonists • Loyal Indian Allies • Huron • Algonquin

  18. British Strong Points • Population much greater than New France • Along the Atlantic coast easier to defend • Fighting to save homes and land ***British lose Indian allies after loss at Fort Necessity, end up siding with the French and some stay out of the fight!

  19. Braddock’s Defeat • 1755 General Edward Braddock made a second attempt to drive the French out! They plan to bombard the fort with their cannons! • Braddock ignores warnings (ambush) • Believes his troops are far superior to N-As • French commander sends out 250 French soldiers and 600 N-A allies, easy targets in RED uniforms!

  20. French & Indian War Continued • 1755 Braddock’s Defeat (bad Brit General) • Dies and is buried under the road • 1756 France & England formally declare war (although the fighting actually started in 1754 at Fort Necessity) ***British suffer many defeats!!!

  21. William Pitt • Britain’s Secretary of State • 1757 begins to transform the British war effort • Under total British control • Pours $$$ into the war effort • Colonists forced to provide supplies, equipment, shelter and manpower • MUCH resistance for the colonists!

  22. 1757 Montcalm (Fr.) defeats Monro (B.) at Fort William Henry • 1758 Montcalm takes FortCarillon…the Brits will take it back in 1759 and rename it Ticonderoga • 1758 Friction between British authorities and colonists threatens the war effort…Pitt relaxes policies, resulting in : Renewed Support & Tide Turns!

  23. The Tide Turns • Pitt focuses on 3 main goals: Defeat the French and take control of… • Louisburg • Quebec • Montreal • Also, Native-American allies abandon the French who are outnumbered, confused, exhausted, outgunned, & low on supplies

  24. 1758 Louisburg falls to Brits under General Wolfe, 1st significant British victory of the war, & take Fort Duquesne in the Ohio Valley…rename it Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, PA) • 1759 Quebec falls to Brits, 18,000 English vs. 14,000 French, Wolfe & Montcalm both die • ***Ranks as one of the most important battles in British & American history • 1760Montreal falls: End of French in Canada (War continues in other parts of world) • A French population does remain behind.

  25. Treaty of Paris1763 • Formally ends the war! • The French leave North America! • France turns over her claims in Canada and east of the Mississippi to Great Britain • Spain ceded (gave up) Florida to Britain in return for the French port of New Orleans and lands west of the Mississippi

  26. French and English CollidePost Pre-War Map Post-War Map

  27. Pontiac’s Rebellion1763-1766 Following the Treaty of Paris • The British • Don’t respect the Indians, believe they are superior • Have already taken Indian land & moved onto Indian land in the Ohio Valley • Broken treaties • Proven not to trade fairly & refuse to give gifts like the French had!

  28. The Indians: • Became dependent of foreign trade with the French and are now forced to trade with the British • Are angry with the British colonists moving onto their land

  29. The Rebellion • Ottawa Chief Pontiac helps to organize Shawnee, Delaware, Chippewa, and Ottawa tribes against the British • They killed hundreds of settlers & take many British Forts • The British retaliate just as brutally against the native-Americans • The rebellion continues for a couple of years and proves it will be difficult for the British to control such a vast (large) territory

  30. “Gesture of Peace” • In a “gesture of peace” the British invite the native-Americans to meet with them • Give them gifts of blankets to take back to their tribe • Blankets are infected with smallpox, causing many deaths

  31. Proclamation of 1763 • Outcome of the Rebellion… The Proclamation of 1763 • Britain orders colonists NOT to move west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid further fighting • Land is everything to colonist and many are angry with the order • Some go anyways, lots of tension ensues between the colonists & Great Britain

  32. Other Outcomes!War & Rebellion • Valuable military experience is gained by many who will fight and lead during the American Revolution, including George Washington! • American Indians will be pushed further westward off their lands. • Settlers continue to move westward! • England is in HUGE DEBT!!!

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